Chem class 1 Flashcards
Alpha Decay
Subtracts 4 from the mass number and subtracts 2 from the atomic number
Beta- Decay
Will always change the identity of an element. Adds 1 to the atomic number.
Beta+ Emitter
Subtracts 1 from the atomic number. All types of beta+ emitter decay leave the mass of the daughter and parent elements the same.
Gamma decay
Brings an excited nucleus to a lower energy state. Doesn’t change mass number or atomic number.
Electron capture
Causes the atomic number to be reduced by 1 while the mass number remains the same.
diamagnetic
An atom that has all of its electron spin-paired.
Paramagnetic
Is when an atoms electrons are not all spin paired.
periodic table group 1
alkali metals
periodic table group 2
Alkaline earth metals
periodic table group 7
Halogens
periodic table group 8
Noble gases
What are the three fundamental particles of matter and which determines the identity of the element?
Proton determines element identity, neutron, electron.
Isotopes differ by number of which fundamental particle? The mass number of an element is determined by which two particles?
Neutrons; protons and neutrons.
There are two types of ions. Identify them by name and their type of charge.
cations **+ **(positive) , anions are - (negative)
The ground state electron configuration of any element can be determined by following three rules of electron filling. What are they and how do they determine the location of electrons in an atom?
Aufbau principle fill lower energy levels in sub levels before adding electrons to higher energy sublevels.
**Pauli exclusion **principle there is a maximum of two electrons per orbital, and they must have opposite spins.
**Huns rule **half filled orbitals of equal energy before pairing electrons in any one orbital in a given sub shell.
State three properties of electromagnetic radiation
Frequency, wavelength, energy
Name the three types of nuclear decay from least to most damaging to living tissues
Alpha, beta, gamma.
One type of nuclear decay has three different modes. What are they?
Beta colon B- (normal beta decay), B+ positron emission, and EC electron capture
What are the five periodic trends?
Atomic size, first ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, acidity/basicity.
What are three types of covalent bonds?
Normal (which can be polar or nonpolar), metallic, and coordinate covalent bonds.
Give to other names for Lewis bases.
Ligand, nucleophile, or chelator
What three geometric family names are associated with each type of hybridized orbitals?
Linear= Sp
Trigonal planar= sp2
Tetrahedral= sp3
Name the various intermolecular forces from strongest weakest.
Hydrogen bonds > dipole-dipole forces > London dispersion forces.
Give two examples of elements that do not obey the Aufbau principle.
Chromium (Cr) and it’s family members or copper (Cu) and it’s family members.
Which electrons do transition metal atoms lose first when ionized?
Valance “S” electrons
Explain the difference between paramagnetic and diamagnetic elements, and give an example of each.
Paramagnetic elements have unpaired electrons like nitrogen (N).
**Diamagnetic **elements have all their electrons paired like Ne or any element with a field orbital sub shell.
What happens to the spacing between successively higher energy levels in an atom as you move farther from the nucleus?
it decreases
Describe each kind of nuclear decay
A= nucleus emits helium nucleus (two protons and two neutrons)
**B- = **a neutron converts into a proton and the electron, e- which is emitted
B+ = a proton converts into a neutron in the pro positron, e+ which is emitted
**EC= **a proton in the nucleus captures an inner shell electron and converts it into a neutron.
gamma= excited nucleus drops to a lower energy state by admitting a gamma photon
What type of mathematical relationship is associated with all radioactive decay?
Radioactive elements decay exponentially with respect to time.
Why is the mass of a nucleus not equal to the mass of the individual protons and neutrons that comprise it?
The binding energy that is released when the nucleons are bound together in the nucleus comes from the mass defect according to E=mc2
Define each periodic trend
Atomic radius: extent of the valence electrons of an atom.
Ionization energy: energy required to remove a mole of valence electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms of a given element.
**Electron affinity: **Energy associated with adding a mole of electrons to the valence shell of a mole of gaseous atoms of a given element.
Electronegativity: a measure of the amount of pull an atom has on shared valence electrons in a bond.
Acidity: the tendency for a molecule to give up a hydrogen ion.
Which three periodic trends follow the same pattern?
First ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. They are all inversely related to atomic size.
What charge is generally associated with larger ions? And with smaller ions?
Generally, negative ions are larger and positive ions are smaller (than a neutral atom)
Rank the colors of visible light in order from lowest frequency to highest.
By frequency Red< orange< yellow< green< blue< violet
Rank in order of wave length, from shortest to longest, the regions of the EM spectrum.
By wavelength, gamma rays <x-rays< ultraviolet< visible light< infrared< microwaves< radio waves.
What are the key characteristics about photons an electron energy levels?
- A product of the wavelength and frequency of a photon is equal to 3.0 x 10^8 m/s
- The difference in energy between adjacent energy levels decreases as the energy level increase
- Energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency
Explain d subshell and whhy its backfilled
For an atom in the d block of period n, the d sub shell will have a principal quantum number of n-1.
Transition metals ionize from their valence s sub shell before the d of shells.
d5 and d10 subshell are stable.
the correct electron configuration of Ge+?
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1
An excited electron drops down to its initial energy level within an atom and a photon is emitted.
List characteristics about photons and electron energy levels
the product of the wavelength and frequency of a photon is equal to 3.0 × 10^8 m/s.
the difference in energy between adjacent energy levels decreases as the energy levels increase.
the energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency.
In the ionization of titanium, which subshell will lose its electrons first and why?
The 4s subshell because it has the least stable orbitals.
The energy of excitation is equal to________________
The energy of excitation is equal to the energy of the emitted photon
Visible light
ROYGBIV
400-700
What is a possible electronic structure for an excited Cu(I) ion?
[Ar] 3d^9 4p^1
Beta decay is most likely to have what effect on atomic radius?
Decreased atomic radius due to increased effective nuclear charge
anhydrous means___________
anhydrous means in the absence of water
What happens to the electronic transition energy of the atoms as one moves down a family in the periodic table?
The first electronic transition energy of the atoms **decreases **as one moves down a family in the periodic table
