chem chemical bonds

Question 1

chemical bonds

Answer 1

atoms come together in small or large bonds forming stable associations
-metallic
-covalent
-ionic

Question 2

why do chemical bonds occur§?

Answer 2

as a result of changes in the distribution of e

Question 3

ionic bonds

Answer 3

-ions are in a lattice structure
-more flexible when elements come from diff ends

Question 4

positive ions

Answer 4

cations
lose e

Question 5

negative ions

Answer 5

anions
gain e

ending in -ide

Question 6

nuclear charge

Answer 6

=atomic numb

Question 7

ionic exceptions

Answer 7

Fe 2 3
Pb 2 4
Sn 2 4
Ag 1
Cu 1 2

Question 8

what is the effective n c and the n c of Li?

Answer 8

+1 and 3

Question 9

diagram for formation of cations and anions

Answer 9

the circles that represent the energy levels with electron pairs

Question 10

equation for formation of cations and anions

Answer 10

Al = Al3+ + 3e cation anion
N+ 3e = N3-

Question 11

ionic bonding

Answer 11

instead of ionic bond
-one atom donates e one accepts

Question 12

NaClO

Answer 12

ionic

Question 13

in which cases is it harder to add e?

Answer 13

increasing neg charge due to increased e e repulsion

Question 14

ultimate goal

Answer 14

stable electron conf
metals- noble gas proceeding
non metals- noble gas succeeding

Question 15

polyatomic ions

Answer 15

NO3-
SO4 2-
PO4 3-
OH-
HCO3 -
CO3 2-
NH4 +

Question 16

lattice structure

Answer 16

-neutral charge
-electrostatic force
fixed arrangement

Question 17

lattice enthalpy

Answer 17

energy needed to break an ionic bond, separate ions, it is endothermic so positive NaCl Na Cl
-bigger ions smaller enthalpy
-bigger ion charge bigger enthapy

Question 18

prop-high melting and boiling points

Answer 18

-because a lot of E in necessary to separate the ions in the lattice
-higher when ionic charge is greater (like lattice enthalpy)

Question 19

prop-volatility

Answer 19

non volatile because of strong electrostatic attractions

Question 20

prop-solubility

Answer 20

-in water
-not in non polar
-the attraction of the surface crystal ions t the water molecule pulls the ions away from lattice positions

Question 21

hydration energy

Answer 21

energy given out when the ions become hydrated

Question 22

prop-conductivity

Answer 22

-high electrical conductivity
-only in aq or l states
-only when molten because then the ions are free to move and therefore conduct

Question 23

prop-brittle

Answer 23

it breaks with force

Question 24

% ionic character

Answer 24

electronegativity diff : 3.2
-zero= non polar covalent
-zero to 1.8= polar covalent
-1.8 < = ionic

Question 25

Delta xp

Answer 25

electroneg. diff, CsF is 3.2, 100% ioc

Question 26

actual tests to determine ionic comp

Answer 26

-melting point
-conductivity
-solubility

Question 27

to oxidize

Answer 27

it means to cause a reaction in which e are lost to another species

Question 28

covalent bond

Answer 28

electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of e and the nuclei of the atoms making up the bond

Question 29

formation of covalent bond

Answer 29

-draw=two circles connected with shared electrons
-when two non metals react they are seeking to gain e to achieve a stable e conf of a noble gas, so they share electrons