Chem- Ch 2

Question 1

Periodic table

Answer 1

Organized the elements according to their atomic number

-pattern of similar properties

Question 2

Periods

Answer 2

Rows

-based on same principle energy level, n

Question 3

Groups

Answer 3

Columns

-elements in the same group have the same valence shell electron configuration

Question 4

Metals

Answer 4

• shiny (lustrous)
• conduct electricity well
• malleable
• ductile (able to pull into wires)

-mostly on left and middle of table

Question 5

Nonmetals

Answer 5

• full
• poor conductors
• brittle

-found mostly on right side of table

Question 6

Metalloids

Answer 6

Characteristics of both metals and nonmetals

-found in a stair step pattern starting with Boron

Question 7

Effective nuclear charge (Z eff)

Answer 7

Net positive charge experienced by electrons in the valence shell

Question 8

Z eff trend

Answer 8

• increase across a period

- little charge down a group

Question 9

Atomic radius

Answer 9

Decreases across a period

Increase down a group

Question 10

Ionic radius

Answer 10

-size of a charged species

Question 11

Ionic radius trends

Answer 11

• largest nonmetallic and smallest metal radii exist at metalloid boundary
• cations = smaller than neutral atom
• anions = larger than neutral atom

Question 12

Ionization energy

Answer 12

Amount of energy needed to remove an electron from the valence shell of a gaseous species

Question 13

Ionization energy trends

Answer 13

Increases across a period

Decrease down a group

Question 14

Electron affinity

Answer 14

Amount of energy released when a gaseous species gains an electron in its valence shell

Question 15

Electron affinity trends

Answer 15

Increases across a period

Decreases down a group

Question 16

Electronegativity

Answer 16

Measure of the attractive force of the nucleus for electrons within a bond

Question 17

Electronegativity trends

Answer 17

Increases across a period

Decreases down a group

Question 18

Alkali metals

Answer 18

Oxidation state of +1

• prefer to lose electron
• really reactive –don’t exist in neutral state naturally

Question 19

Alkaline earth metals

Answer 19

Oxidation state of + 2

Lose two electrons to be like noble gas

Question 20

Chalcogens

Answer 20

Oxidation state of -2 or +6

Biologically very important

Question 21

Halogens

Answer 21

Oxidation state of -1
Prefer gaining electrons
Highest electronegativities

Question 22

Noble gases

Answer 22

Fully filled valence shell
Inert gases
High ionization energies
Nonexistent electronegativities and electron affinities

Question 23

Transition metals

Answer 23

Unique -take on multiple oxidation states

-explains ability to form colorful complexes with nonmetals on solution and their utility in certain biological systems