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MCAT > Bio- Ch 1 > Flashcards

Bio- Ch 1 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. Cell is basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information through DNA and it passes from parent to daughter cell
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2
Q

Viruses

A

Unable to reproduce on their own

:. Not considered living organisms

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Contain a true nucleus (enclosed with membrane)

-can be uni/multicellular

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4
Q

Cell membranes

A

Contain phospholipids

-hydrophilic ends and hydrophobic core

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

Suspends organelles

-allows diffusion of molecules throughout cell

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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Contains DNA organized into chromosomes

- chromosomes have coding regions called genes

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7
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double membrane with nuclear pores

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8
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Allow for 2-way exchange of material between nucleus and cytosol

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

Subsection of nucleus

-where rRNA is synthesized

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • outer and inner membrane
  • can divide independently of nucleus via binary fission
  • trigger apoptosis by releasing mitochondrial enzymes into cytoplasm
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11
Q

Outer membrane (mitochondria)

A

Barrier between cytosol and mitochondria

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12
Q

Inner membrane (mitochondria)

A

Folded into Cristae

-contains enzymes for electron transport chain

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13
Q

Inter-membrane space

A

Between inner and outer membrane

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14
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Inside the inner membrane

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell death

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • have hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products
  • of enzymes are released, leads to autolysis
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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • series of interconnected membranes

- continuous with nuclear membrane

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes

-permit translation of proteins

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

Used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

-consists of stacked membrane bound sacs where cellular products = modified, packages and directed to specific cellular locations

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • contain H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
  • can break down long chain fatty acids via Beta Oxidation
  • participate in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway
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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides stability and rigidity

-provides transport pathways for molecules within the cell

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23
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

A

Composed of actin

  • provides structural protection from cell
  • cause muscle contraction through interactions with myosin
  • helps with cleavage furrow during cytokinesis
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24
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

Microtubules

A
  • composed of tubulin
  • create pathways for proteins–like Kinesin and Dynein–to carry vesicles
  • contribute to structure of Flagella and Cilia
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25
Q

Cilia and flagella organization

A

Nine pairs of microtubules in a ring with two microtubules in center (9 + 2 structure)

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26
Q

Centrioles

A
  • found in centrosomes
  • involved in microtubule organization in mitotic spindle
  • nine triplet microtubules with hollow center
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27
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

Intermediate filaments

A

Involved in cell-cell adhesion

  • maintenance of integrity of cytoskeleton
  • anchor organelles
  • examples: keratin, Desmin
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28
Q

Epithelial tissues

A
  • covers the body
  • lines cavities
  • protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation
  • some absorb and secrete substances or participate in sensation
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29
Q

Parenchyma

A

Formed from epithelial cells

-functional parts of organ

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30
Q

Epithelial cells = polarized

A

One side faces lumen (outside world) and another faces blood vessels and structural cells

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31
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Have one layer

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32
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Have many layers

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33
Q

Psuedostratified epithelia

A

Appear to have multiple layers-Bc of differences in cell heights- but actually have only one

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34
Q

Cubodial cells

A

Cube shaped epithelial cells

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35
Q

Columnar cells

A

Long and narrow (column like) epithelial cells

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36
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flat and scale-like epithelial cells

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37
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body

  • provides framework for epithelial cells
  • examples: bones, cartilage, blood, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue
38
Q

Connective tissue function

A

-form stroma- support structure- by secreting materials to form an extra cellular matrix

39
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Do not have membrane bound organelles

40
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

Where genetic info organized in a single circular molecule of DNA is concentrated

41
Q

Three domains of life

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

42
Q

Archaea

A

Extremophiles–live in harsh environments

-use alternative sources of energy like chemosynthesis

43
Q

Archaea similarities to Eukaryotes

A
  • translations starts with Met
  • similar RNA polymerases
  • histones
44
Q

Archaea similarities to Bacteria

A
  • single circular chromosome

- divide by binary fission / budding

45
Q

Bacteria

A

Similar structure to eukaryotes
-complex relations to humans
Ex) symbiosis, pathogenesis

46
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteri

47
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

48
Q

Spirilli

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

49
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Bacteria that require O2 for metabolism

50
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in O2 environments

-carry out anaerobic metabolism

51
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Survive in environments with or without oxygen

-toggle metabolic processes based on environment

52
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Cannot use O2 for metabolism but can survive in an O2 environment

53
Q

Envelope (bacteria)

A

Formed from Cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria

-control movement of solutes into and out of cell

54
Q

Gram-positive cell walls

A
  • turn purple Bc take in the crystal violet stain

- have thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

55
Q

Gram negative

A
  • turns pink-red Bc takes in counterstain, saffranin
  • thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
  • outer membrane has phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides
56
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Moving in response to chemical stimuli

-move using one, two or many flagella that help it move toward food or away from immune cells

57
Q

Flagellin

A

Basal body that anchors and rotates flagellum

-hook connects it body and flagella

58
Q

Electron transport prokaryotes

A

Carried out using cell membrane

59
Q

Binary fission (prokaryotes)

A

The way prokaryotes multiply

  • chromosome replicates while the cell grows in size
  • cell wall divides cells into identical daughter cells
60
Q

Plasmids

A

Carries Extrachromosomal material

-may contain antibiotic resistance genes –virulence genes

61
Q

Episomes

A

Plasmids that can integrate into the genome

62
Q

Genetic recombinations

A

Increase bacterial diversity

63
Q

Sources of genetic recombination

Transformation

A

Acquisition of genetic material from the environment

-can be integrated into bacterial genome

64
Q

Sources of genetic recombination

Conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across Conjugation Bridge

  • plasmid transferred from F+ to F- cells.
  • portion of genome transferred from Hfr cell to recipient
65
Q

Sources of genetic recombination

Transduction

A

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage as a vector

66
Q

Sources of genetic recombination

Transpoons

A

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome

67
Q

Bacterial growth

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

68
Q

Lag phase

A

Bacteria adapt to new local conditions

-not much growth

69
Q

Exponential phase

A

Growth then increases exponentially

70
Q

Stationary phase

A

Resources are reduced, growth levels off

71
Q

Death phase

A

Resources become insufficient, bacteria die off

72
Q

Virus structure

A

Genetic material
Capsid
Lipid containing envelope (sometimes)

73
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat

74
Q

Obligate intercellular parasites

Virus

A

Cannot survive and replicate outside of a host cell.

75
Q

Virions

A

Individual virus particles

76
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that target bacteria

-have tail sheath and tail fibers

77
Q

Tail sheath

A

Injects the genetic material into a bacterium

78
Q

Tail fibers

A

Allow bacteriophage to attach to the host cell

79
Q

Viral genomes

A
  • composed of DNA or RNA

- single stranded or double stranded

80
Q

Positive sense

A
  • single stranded RNA

- can be translated by host cell

81
Q

Negative sense

A

Single stranded RNA

-complimentary strand must be synthesized using RNA replicate, which can then be translated

82
Q

Retroviruses

A

Single stranded RNA genome

  • complimentary DNA strand is made using Reverse Transcriptase
  • DNA incorporated into host genome
83
Q

How virus can infect

A

attach to receptor

  • fuse with plasma membrane
  • brought in by endocytosis OR
  • inject their genome into the cell
84
Q

Virus reproduction

A

Replicate and translate genetic material using the host cell’s ribosomes, amino acids and enzymes

85
Q

Viral progeny release

A
  • cell death
  • lysis
  • extrusion (leave with membrane, keeping host intact)
86
Q

Bacteriohages: Two life cycles

A

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

87
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until cell lyses

88
Q

Virulent

A

Bacteria in lytic cycle

89
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus integrates into host genome as a provirus or prophage

  • reproduces along with cell
  • provirus leaves genome in response to environmental factors and eventually enters lytic cycle
90
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins

  • trigger misfolding of proteins
  • converts alpha helix structure to Beta pleated sheets
  • this decreases solubility and degradability of misfolded protein
91
Q

Viroids

A

Plant pathogens that are small circles of complimentary RNA

  • can turn off genes
  • result in metabolic and structural derangement of the cell and potential death

MCAT (4 decks)

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