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Chem Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

ε0 is

A

vacuum permitivity

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3
Q

µ0 is

A

vacuum permeability

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4
Q

Fukuyama coupling turns.. via… to..

A

thioester and organozinc halide palladium catalyst ketone

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5
Q

Krebs cycle pyruvate to Alpha ketoglutarate

A

PYRUVATE + CoA Sulfhydryl CO2 + ACETYL-COA + Oxaloacetate + Water CITRATE - water ACONITATE + water D-ISOCITRATE + NAD+ ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE + NADH

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6
Q

Prato reaction (Prato 1,3 dipolar cycloaddtion) does

A

fullerene + amino acid sarcosine + ylide

in toluene

= fullerene derivative

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7
Q

2,3-Wittig rearrangement does this

A

allylic ether turns to a homoallylic alcohol

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8
Q

Claisen condensation does

A

ester + ester(or carbonyl compound) + strong base

=beta-keto ester

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9
Q

Adams’s catalyst formula, and used in?

A

Platinum 4 oxide (PtO2)

hydrogenation

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10
Q

Acyloin condensation does this

A

two esters and sodium

reduced to

(alpha-hydroxy)ketone or acyloin

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11
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A

Primary alcohols + oxygen

= aldehyde + H2O + O

=carboxylic acid

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12
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

secondary alcohol + oxygen

= ketone

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13
Q

found Aldol reaction

A

Borodin and Wurtz

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14
Q

Michael addition/reaction does

A

addition of a carbanion to an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound

Makes carbon carbon bonds

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15
Q

Mukaiyama reaction is more complex form of

A

Michael Addition

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16
Q

Mukaiyama reaction does

A

silyl enol ethers +aldehydes

w/ Lewis acid catalyst

= aldol

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17
Q

Amadori rearrangement does this

A

adds ammonia to sugar to a sugar with an amine

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18
Q

Maillard reaction reacts

A

Amino acids and reducing sugar

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19
Q

the Andrussow process does this

A

methane + ammonia + oxygen

w/ platinum catalyst

= hydrogen cyanide

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20
Q

Appel reaction does this

A

(R-group) bond to hydroxyl + CCl4 + triphenylphosphine

= (R-group) bonded to Chlorine

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21
Q

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition does this (specifically) Huisgen cycloaddition) does this

A

organic azide + alkyne

= 1,2,3-triazole

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22
Q

Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction does

A

(Trialkyl phosphite + alkyl halid = phosphonate)

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23
Q

(Aromatic) nitration does

A

an aromatic compound(benzene) has a nitro group added to it

Presense of sulfuric acid as catalyst

is electrophilic aromatic substitution

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24
Q

functional group is NO2

A

Nitro group

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25
Q

Arndt–Eistert reaction does this

A

turns carboxylic acid into a bigger one through a Wolff Rearrangement

uses Diazomethane to do this (CH2N2) and Silver II Oxide

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26
Q

are compounds with two R groups and a nitrogen double bond

A

Azo compound

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27
Q

Azo coupling does

A

reaction between a diazonium compound and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound

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28
Q

Azo compounds are used to make

A

Dyes

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29
Q

Baeyer-Villiger oxidation does

A

ketone + hydogen peroxide(or peroxy acid)

+ mCPBA reagent

= ester

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30
Q

Bakelite is

A

Phenol and formaldehyde

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31
Q

Scholl reaction does this

A

coupling reaction between two arenes

with Lewis acid and protic acid

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32
Q

Arene is a

A

**aromatic hydrocarbon **hydrocarbon with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings

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33
Q

Balz-Schiemann reaction does and is?

A

similar to the Sandmeyer reaction

adds Flourine to benzene to make fluorobenzene

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34
Q

Bamberger rearrangement does

A

Rearranges

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35
Q

Bamford–Stevens reaction does

A

decomposes diazoalkanes in aprotic solutions

has carbene intermediate

makes alkenes

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36
Q

Bartoli reaction does

A

nitroarenes w/ vinyl Grignard reagent

to indoles

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37
Q

Bechamp reduction

A

Converts aromatic Nitro compounds to aniline form

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38
Q

Beckmann rearrangement does

A

acid catalyzed rearragnement

oxime to amide

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39
Q

Claisen rearrangement does

A

allyl vinyl ether + heat = unsaturated carbonyl

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40
Q

Feist–Benary synthesis makes

A

Furan

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41
Q

Benedict’s solution tests for (colors?)

made of?

A

Tests for reducing sugars

has copper 2+ ions

green: .5%
yellow: 1%

Orange: 1.5%

Red: 2.0%

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42
Q

What is an alkyation

A

Adding an alkyl group to a molecule

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43
Q

What’s an acyl group

A

derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid

is essentially a carbonyl group bonded to an r group and something else(nitrogen, hydrogen, r group, etc)

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44
Q

Bergman reaction does this

A

a rearrangment reaction that turns enediyne(dialkyne) to a cyclic compound(benzene)

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45
Q

Seyferth Gilbert homologation does this

A

turns aryl ketone (or aldehyde)

w/ dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate 2 and potassium tert-butoxide

into alkynes

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46
Q

Ohira-Bestmann reagent is used in the?

A

Seyferth-Gilbert homologation (makes alkynes)

is dimethyl-1-diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate

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47
Q

Bingel reaction does

A

cyclopropanation reaction to a fullurene

in presence of a base

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48
Q

Birch reduction does

A

organic reduction of organic ring

in liquid ammonia

with alkali metal (Sodium, lithium, potassium)

in an alcohol (ethanol or tert butanol)

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49
Q

what is an indole

A

six-membered** benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen**-containing pyrrole ring

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50
Q

what is a pyrrole

A

conjugated five-membered ring in which one carbon is replaced by a nitrogen

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51
Q

Bodroux reaction does

A

Turns carboxylic acid + Grignard reagent w/ aniline to Amide

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52
Q

Boord olefin synthesis does

A

Ethers with a halogen make an alkene

there is a Grignard reagent intermediate

catalyzed by zinc or magnesium

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53
Q

Hunsdiecker-Borodin reaction does this

BORODIN THE COMPOSER

A

silver salts of carboxylic acids + halogens make organic halides

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54
Q

Bosch–Meiser process does

A

2NH3 + CO2 [is in equilibrium with] H2N-COONH4

(2)Ammonia and CO2 makes urea

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55
Q

Bouveault–Blanc reaction does

A

Reduction

Ester is reduced to primary alcohol

using ethanol and sodium metal

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56
Q

Schmidt reaction does

A
  1. turns carboxylic acid to amines
  2. turns ketones to amides

uses hydrozoic acid (rxn needs azide group)

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57
Q

imine is this kind of group

A

a carbon–nitrogen double bond

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58
Q

differentiate ketimine and aldimine

A

aldimine

ketimine

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59
Q

Bredt’s rule says

A

double bond can’t be at head of bridged ring system

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60
Q

Hydroboration–oxidation reaction does this

A

turns alkenes into alcohols

by addition of Boron hydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and hydoxyl

done in tetrahydrofuran

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61
Q

Buchwald–Hartwig reaction does this

A

palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of amines with aryl halides

creating carbon nitrogen double bonds

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62
Q

Cadiot- Chodkiewicz coupling does this

A

coupling reaction between a terminal alkyne and a haloalkyne

catalyzed by copper 1 salt and amine base

makes alkyne(diacetylene)

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63
Q

Cannizzaro Reaction does this

A

reacts: two aldehydes

Produces: (through oxidation)carboxylic acid and (through reduction)an alcohol

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64
Q

Reducing a carbonyl typically makes

A

alcohols

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65
Q

CBS reaction stands for and does

A

Corey Baksi Shibati reduction

ketone is reduced to make alcohol

it’s n/s catalyst is a boron compound

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66
Q

CBS catalyst is

and has

A

Boron

Ph is phenol

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67
Q

Chugaev reaction is this

A

an elimination reaction

alcohols have water eliminated to make alkenes

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68
Q

Claisen condensation does this

A

reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base,

Makes β-keto ester or a β-diketone

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69
Q

Collins reagent is

A

complex of chromium(VI) oxide with pyridine in dichloromethane

alternative when oxidizing secondary alcohols to ketones

DOES SAME AS JONES REAGENT(REACTION)

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70
Q

Cope reaction does and is?

A

a elimination

elimnation of amine to make alkene and hydroxylamine

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71
Q

Cope rearrangment does

A

sigmatropic rearrangement of dienes

(sigma bond moves)

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72
Q

Corey–Fuchs reaction does

A

transform an aldehyde into an alkyne

73
Q

Corey–Kim reaction is a

A

oxidation

makes aldehydes and ketones from primary and secondary alcohols

74
Q

Corey & Winter name a reaction that does

A

turns diols to alkenes

75
Q

diol is a

A

di alchohol

76
Q

Coupling reaction is a?

A

reactions where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst

77
Q

Criegee mechanism does this

A

alkene and ozone react in 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition

makes alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carbox.. etc

78
Q

Curtius rearrangement(degradation etc) does this

A

rearrangement of an acyl azide to an isocyanate

removal of N2 gas

79
Q

Dakin reaction does this

A

redox reaction

reduces phenyl aldehyde(or ketone) to make a benzenediol

80
Q

Dess–Martin reagent is used for

and is?

A

oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones

has IODINE

81
Q

Diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H)

is used for

made of?

A
  1. co catalyst for polymerization of alkenes
  2. Reducing agent turning esters and nitriles to aldehydes

2 Aluminum

82
Q

Dieckmann condensation
is

A

intramolecular form of Claisen condensation,

reaction of diesters with base to give β-ketoesters

83
Q

Diels–Alder reaction is?

A

cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to make a cyclohexene

84
Q

Dutt-Wormall reaction does

A

diazonium salt reacts with a sulfonamide to make azides

85
Q

Eder reaction makes this

A

** Hg**2Cl2(s) + 2[NH4+][Cl−] + 2CO2

IT MAKES CO2

86
Q

Edman degradation does

A

sequencing amino acids in a peptide (breaking peptide bonds)

87
Q

Einhorn–Brunner reaction does

A

reaction of imides w/ hydrazines to make triazoles

88
Q

what is an elimination reaction

and 2 types

A

Reaction where 2 subsituents are removed from molecule

E1: two step mechanism

E2: one step mechanism

89
Q

Emde degradation is..?

A

related to Hoffman eliminiation

it reduces ammonium cation to tertiary amine

uses sodium amalgam

90
Q

Eschweiler–Clarke reaction does this

A

primary (or secondary)amine is methylated using excess **formic acid **and formaldehyde

91
Q

Favorskii rearrangment does this

A

turns a alkoxide base into a ester

or amine to an amide

in basic conditions

92
Q

Fehling solution tests for

and is made of

A

tests for aldehyde or ketone, aldehydes turn it positive

Copper 2 sulfate and potassium sodium tartrate(rochelle salt)

is deep blue originally, turns red precipitate in aldehyde

tests for monosaccharides in urine

93
Q

Fenton’s reagent is

and does?

A

hydrogen peroxide and iron catalyst

used to oxidize

94
Q

Fischer indole synthesis

A

produces the indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions

95
Q

Fischer oxazole synthesis
does

A

synth. oxazole from cyanohydrins and aldehydes in the presence of anhydrous hydrochloric acid

96
Q

Fischer glycosidation
is?

A

reaction of an aldose or ketose with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to make glycoside

97
Q

Fischer estrification does..?

A

** carboxylic acid** and an alcohol in the presence of an** acid catalyst** makes ester

98
Q

Fischer–Tropsch process does

A

converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons

99
Q

Fowler’s solution is

A

a solution containing 1% potassium arsenite (KAsO2)

100
Q

Frankland was the first person to make

A

organozinc compounds

101
Q

Free-radical halogenation is?

A

A halogenation of usually **alkanes **under UV light

makes chloroform

102
Q

Friedel Crafts acylation is?

A

It is the addition of an acyl group to a benzene ring

using acyl chloride and and an Lewis acid catalyst(like aluminum chloride and cuprous chloride)

103
Q

Friedel Crafts alkylation is..?

A

alkylation of an aromatic ring with an** alkyl halide** using a strong Lewis acid catalyst

(ferric chloride is catalyst)

104
Q

Fries rearrangement does

A

rearrangement reaction of a phenolic ester to a hydroxy aryl ketone by catalysis of** Lewis acid**

105
Q

Fujimoto-Belleau reaction does

A

forms cyclic α-substituted α,β-unsaturated **ketones **from enol lactones

** is a Grignard reaction/reagent **

106
Q

Fukuyama coupling does this

A

a coupling reaction taking place between a thioester and an** organozinc halide**

w/ Palladium catalyst

makes ketone

107
Q

Gabriel synthesis does

A

transforms primary** alkyl halides** into primary amines.

reaction uses potassium phthalimide

108
Q

Gassman synthesis does

A

turns aniline into indoles

uses **Raney nickel **to desulfurization in it

109
Q

Gattermann Koch reaction
does

A

a Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction in which** carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid and AlCl3 catalyst** make benzaldehyde

110
Q

Gilman reagent is and does?

A

used to replace halides with r groups

111
Q

Glaser Coupling does this

A

combines two aldehydes(ethyne) via copper chloride or bromide

112
Q

Gomberg names one..

it is made of?

A

a radical(the first)

Triphenylmethyl radical

113
Q

Grignard reaction does this

A

reaction in which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone

114
Q

Grubbs’ catalyst is for

and is made of

A

used for olefin metathesis

main is ruthenium

115
Q

Haber–Weiss reaction does

A

.O2- + H2O2 → •OH + OH- + O2

Superoxide and Hydrogen peroxide make hydroxyl radical

116
Q

Hammett equation says

A

where K is equillibrium constant

sigma is substituent constant

p is reaction constant

ALSO

k is reaction rate

117
Q

Hammett function tests for

A

acidity

conj acid: BH+

Base: B

118
Q

Hammond’s postulate is for

A

concerns the transition state of organic chemical reactions

119
Q

Hantzsch type

A

ester

120
Q

Haworth projection is..?

A

A projection of a cyclic monosaccharide

Thicker line means atoms closer to viewer

121
Q

Fischer projection is?

A

Used to show carbohydrates

122
Q

Haworth phenanthrene synthesis is?

A

A type of Friedel Crafts reaction

uses two reductions Wolf Kishner or Clemmonson

123
Q

Mizoroki-Heck reaction does this

A

reaction of an unsaturated halide with an alkene in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst to form a substituted alkene

124
Q

Herz reaction does

A

conversion of an aniline-derivative to a Herz-salt disulfur dichloride,

followed by hydrolysis of this Herz-salt (2) to the corresponding sodium thiolate

makes THIOLS

125
Q

Ellman’s reagent is and tests for?

A

DTNB

quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups in a sample

126
Q

Herzig–Meyer alkimide group determination is for

A

basically its a reverse Hoffman elimination

127
Q

Hinsberg reaction is?

A

is a chemical test for the detection of amines

reagent contains an aqueous sodium(potassium) hydroxide solution and** benzenesulfonyl chloride**

128
Q

Hofmann elimination is?

A

also known as exhaustive methylation

an amine is reacted to create a tertiary amine and an alkene by treatment with excess** methyl iodide**

followed by treatment with silver oxide, water, and heat

129
Q

What is an amide

A

Is where nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl bonded to an r group

(first especially)

130
Q

Hofmann rearrangment (degredation) does

A

organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one fewer carbon atoms

has isocyanate intermediate

131
Q

Imide is a?

A

Nitrogen thats bonded to two acyl groups and one r group

132
Q

Isocyanate is a?

A

functional group with the formula R–N=C=O

133
Q

Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction is

A

reaction of stabilized phosphonate carbanions with aldehydes (or ketones) to produce predominantly E-alkenes

is a Wittig reaction

134
Q

Houben–Hoesch reaction does this

A

reaction in which a nitrile reacts with an arene compound to form an aryl ketone

135
Q

Hunsdiecker reaction does this

A

organic reaction of silver salts of carboxylic acids with halogens to give organic halides

136
Q

Ing-Manske reaction is?

A

basically is Gabriel Synthesis

alkyl halides to amines

137
Q

Jacobsen reaction is a type of ?

A

Epoxidation

also a Sharpless epoxidation

138
Q

Jacobsen rearrangement does this

A

migration of an alkyl group derived from a polyalkyl- or polyhalobenzene

in a sulfonic acid(sometimes sulfuric acid)

139
Q

Jones oxidation
is?

A

organic reaction for the oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones

reagent is solution of chromium trioxide in dilute sulfuric acid and acetone

140
Q

Ullmann condensation(synth) does this

A

a phenol is coupled to an aryl halide to create a diaryl ether in the presence of a copper compound

141
Q

Julia reaction does this

A

reaction of phenyl sulfones (1) with aldehydes (or ketones) to give alkenes

a type of WIttig reaction

142
Q

Willgerodt rearrangement does this

A

reaction converting an aryl alkyl ketone to the corresponding amide by reaction with ammonium polysulfide

143
Q

Knoevenagel condensation(reaction) does this

A

sorta an aldol condensation

nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is eliminated

144
Q

Paal–Knorr synthesis does this

A

reaction that generates either** furans, pyrroles, or thiophenes** from 1,4-diketones

  1. furan synthesis requires an acid catalyst
  2. pyrrole synthesis a primary amine participates
  3. for thiophene compound phosphorus pentasulfide:
145
Q

Kochi reaction is

A

variation on the Hunsdiecker reaction

reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides with lead tetraacetate and a lithium chloride or other lithium salts

146
Q

Kolbe–Schmitt reaction does

A

a carboxylation reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with **carbon dioxide **treated w/ sulfuric acid

makes salicylic acid

a carboxylic acid

147
Q

Kolbe synthesis does this

A

alkylhalide with a metal cyanide makes alkyl nitriles

148
Q

Leimgruber-Batcho reaction does this

A

produce indoles from o-nitrotoluenes

effected by Raney nickel and hydrazine is used

149
Q

Lindlar catalyst is?

And does?

A

a** heterogeneous catalyst** that consists of** palladium** deposited on calcium carbonate or barium sulfate and treated with various forms of lead

used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes

150
Q

Lossen rearrangement does this

A

conversion of a hydroxamic acid(made from ester) (1) to an isocyanate

151
Q

Lucas’ reagent is?

tests for?

A

solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated** hydrochloric acid**

used to classify alcohols of low molecular weight

152
Q

Luche reaction is?

A

a reduction

converts ketones to alcohols

with lanthanoid chlorides such as** cerium(III) chloride and sodium borohydride**

153
Q

Madelung synthesis does this

A

produces indoles by the intramolecular** cyclization of N-phenylamides** using strong base at high temps

154
Q

Mannich reaction does

A

consists of an amino alkylation

formaldyhyde, an amine(or ammonia), and a carbonyl reaction

makes beta-amino carbonyl, a Mannich base

155
Q

Markovnikov’s rule says?

A

when adding acid HX to unsym. alkene, hydrogen attaches to carbon with most hydrogens

halogen adds to group with most alkyl sustituents

left product is good

156
Q

McFadyen-Stevens reaction does

A

base-catalyzed thermal decomposition of acylsulfonylhydrazides to aldehydes

157
Q

McMurry reaction(coupling) does this

A

reaction in which two ketone or aldehyde groups are coupled to an alkene using** titanium chloride** compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent

alkene is made

158
Q

Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reaction is a?

A

Reduction

the** reduction of ketones and aldehydes** to their corresponding alcohols utilizing aluminium alkoxide catalysis in the presence of a sacrificial alcohol

159
Q

Oppenauer reaction is this

A

an oxidation

selectively oxidizing secondary alcohols to ketones The alcohol is oxidized with** aluminium isopropoxide** in excess acetone

opposite of ** Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction**

160
Q

Meisenheimer complex is this

A

1:1 reaction adduct between an** arene carrying electron withdrawing groups** and nucleophile

161
Q

Mitsunobu reaction

A

converts **alcohol **to various funct. group via inversion of stereochemistry

makes ester via triphenylphosphine and **DEAD **or DIAD

162
Q

Nef reaction does this

A

reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane (1) to an aldehyde or a ketone (3) and nitrous oxide

with sulfuric acid

163
Q

Negishi coupling does this

A

reaction in organic chemistry involving an organozinc compound, an organic halide and a nickel or palladium catalyst creating a new carbon–carbon covalent bond

164
Q

Nicholas reaction does this

A

reaction where a dicobalt octacarbonyl-stabilized propargylic cation is reacted with a nucleophile.

Oxidative demetallation gives the desired alkylated alkyne

165
Q

Ninhydrin is?

A

molecule, that binds with ammonia or amines to make Ruhemann’s purple

166
Q

Noyori asymmetric reaction is this

A

hydrogenation

reaction for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketone, aldehydes, and imines. This reaction exploits using chiral ruthenium catalysts

makes hydroxyl group

167
Q

Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction
does this

A

is a nickel/chromium coupling reaction forming an alcohol from the reaction of an aldehyde with an allyl or vinyl halide

168
Q

Passerini reaction is this

A

reaction involving an isocyanide, an aldehyde (or ketone), and a carboxylic acid to form a α-acyloxy amide

169
Q

Pauson–Khand reaction does this

A

cycloaddition between an alkyne, an alkene and** carbon monoxide** to form a α,β-cyclopentenone

170
Q

Payne rearrangement does this

A

isomerization, under basic conditions, of 2,3-epoxy alcohols to isomeric 2,3-epoxy alcohols with inversion of configuration

171
Q

Pechmann condensation does

A

is a synthesis of coumarins, starting from a phenol and a carboxylic acid or ester containing a β-carbonyl group

under **acidic **condition

172
Q

Petasis reaction is this

A

reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines

173
Q

Petasis reagent is?

A

organotitanium compound with the formula Cp2Ti(CH3)2

174
Q

Zincke reaction

A

a pyridine is transformed into a pyridinium salt by reaction with 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene and a primary amine

175
Q

Zincke names a type of..?

A

aldehyde

176
Q

Peterson reaction does

A

reaction of α-silyl carbanions 1 with ketones (or aldehydes) to form a β-hydroxysilane 2 which eliminates to form alkenes

177
Q

Pinacol rearrangement does

A

converting a 1,2-diol to a carbonyl compound

178
Q

what is a pinacol

A

a diol with vicinal hydroxyls(right next to each other)

quizbowl (5 decks)

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