Chem Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
ε0 is
A
vacuum permitivity
3
Q
µ0 is
A
vacuum permeability
4
Q
Fukuyama coupling turns.. via… to..
A
thioester and organozinc halide palladium catalyst ketone
5
Q
Krebs cycle pyruvate to Alpha ketoglutarate
A
PYRUVATE + CoA Sulfhydryl CO2 + ACETYL-COA + Oxaloacetate + Water CITRATE - water ACONITATE + water D-ISOCITRATE + NAD+ ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE + NADH
6
Q
Prato reaction (Prato 1,3 dipolar cycloaddtion) does
A
fullerene + amino acid sarcosine + ylide
in toluene
= fullerene derivative
7
Q
2,3-Wittig rearrangement does this
A
allylic ether turns to a homoallylic alcohol
8
Q
Claisen condensation does
A
ester + ester(or carbonyl compound) + strong base
=beta-keto ester
9
Q
Adams’s catalyst formula, and used in?
A
Platinum 4 oxide (PtO2)
hydrogenation
10
Q
Acyloin condensation does this
A
two esters and sodium
reduced to
(alpha-hydroxy)ketone or acyloin
11
Q
Oxidation of primary alcohols
A
Primary alcohols + oxygen
= aldehyde + H2O + O
=carboxylic acid
12
Q
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
A
secondary alcohol + oxygen
= ketone
13
Q
found Aldol reaction
A
Borodin and Wurtz
14
Q
Michael addition/reaction does
A
addition of a carbanion to an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound
Makes carbon carbon bonds
15
Q
Mukaiyama reaction is more complex form of
A
Michael Addition
16
Q
Mukaiyama reaction does
A
silyl enol ethers +aldehydes
w/ Lewis acid catalyst
= aldol
17
Q
Amadori rearrangement does this
A
adds ammonia to sugar to a sugar with an amine
18
Q
Maillard reaction reacts
A
Amino acids and reducing sugar
19
Q
the Andrussow process does this
A
methane + ammonia + oxygen
w/ platinum catalyst
= hydrogen cyanide
20
Q
Appel reaction does this
A
(R-group) bond to hydroxyl + CCl4 + triphenylphosphine
= (R-group) bonded to Chlorine
21
Q
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition does this (specifically) Huisgen cycloaddition) does this
A
organic azide + alkyne
= 1,2,3-triazole
22
Q
Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction does
A
(Trialkyl phosphite + alkyl halid = phosphonate)
23
Q
(Aromatic) nitration does
A
an aromatic compound(benzene) has a nitro group added to it
Presense of sulfuric acid as catalyst
is electrophilic aromatic substitution
24
Q
functional group is NO2
A
Nitro group
25
Arndt–Eistert reaction does this
turns **carboxylic acid** into a bigger one through a **Wolff Rearrangement**
uses **Diazomethane** to do this (CH2N2) and **Silver II Oxide**
26
are compounds with two R groups and a nitrogen double bond
Azo compound
27
Azo coupling does
reaction between a **diazonium compound** and another **aromatic compound** that produces an **azo compound**
28
Azo compounds are used to make
Dyes
29
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation does
ketone + hydogen peroxide(or peroxy acid)
+ mCPBA reagent
= ester
30
Bakelite is
Phenol and formaldehyde
31
Scholl reaction does this
coupling reaction between two arenes
with Lewis acid and protic acid
32
Arene is a
[**aromatic hydrocarbon **hydrocarbon](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon") with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings
33
Balz-Schiemann reaction does and is?
similar to the Sandmeyer reaction
adds Flourine to benzene to make fluorobenzene
34
Bamberger rearrangement does
Rearranges 
35
Bamford–Stevens reaction does
decomposes diazoalkanes in aprotic solutions
has carbene intermediate
makes alkenes
36
Bartoli reaction does
nitroarenes w/ vinyl **Grignard reagent**
to indoles
37
Bechamp reduction
Converts aromatic Nitro compounds to aniline form
38
Beckmann rearrangement does
acid catalyzed rearragnement
oxime to amide
39
Claisen rearrangement does
allyl vinyl ether + heat = unsaturated carbonyl
40
Feist–Benary synthesis makes
Furan
41
Benedict's solution tests for (colors?)
made of?
Tests for reducing sugars
has copper 2+ ions
green: .5%
yellow: 1%
Orange: 1.5%
Red: 2.0%
42
What is an alkyation
Adding an alkyl group to a molecule
43
What's an acyl group
derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid
is essentially a **carbonyl group bonded to an r group** and something else(nitrogen, hydrogen, r group, etc)
44
Bergman reaction does this
a **rearrangment** reaction that turns enediyne(di**alkyne**) to a cyclic compound(**benzene)**
45
Seyferth Gilbert homologation does this
turns aryl **ketone** (or **aldehyde**)
w/ dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate 2 and potassium tert-butoxide
into **alkynes**
46
Ohira-Bestmann reagent is used in the?
Seyferth-Gilbert homologation (makes alkynes)
is dimethyl-1-diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate
47
Bingel reaction does
**cyclopropanation** reaction to a **fullurene**
in presence of a **base**
48
Birch reduction does
organic reduction of organic ring
in liquid **ammonia**
with **alkali** metal (**Sodium**, lithium, potassium)
in an **alcohol** (ethanol or tert butanol)
49
what is an indole
six-membered** benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen**-containing pyrrole **ring**
50
what is a pyrrole
conjugated five-membered ring in which one carbon is replaced by a nitrogen
51
Bodroux reaction does
Turns carboxylic acid + **Grignard reagent** w/ aniline to **Amide**
52
Boord olefin synthesis does
**Ethers** with a halogen make an alkene
there is a **Grignard reagent** intermediate
catalyzed by **zinc** or **magnesium**
53
Hunsdiecker-Borodin reaction does this
BORODIN THE COMPOSER
silver salts of **carboxylic acids** + **halogens** make **organic halides**
54
Bosch–Meiser process does
2NH3 + CO2 [is in equilibrium with] H2N-COONH4
**(2)Ammonia** and **CO2** makes **urea**
55
Bouveault–Blanc reaction does
*Reduction*
**Ester** is reduced to primary **alcohol**
using **ethanol** and **sodium** metal
56
Schmidt reaction does
1. turns carboxylic acid to amines
2. turns ketones to amides
uses hydrozoic acid (rxn needs **azide** group)
57
imine is this kind of group
a carbon–nitrogen double bond
58
differentiate ketimine and aldimine
aldimine 
ketimine 
59
Bredt's rule says
double bond can't be at head of bridged ring system
60
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction does this
turns **alkenes** into **alcohols**
by addition of Boron hydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and hydoxyl
done in **tetrahydrofuran**
61
Buchwald–Hartwig reaction does this
palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of **amines** with aryl **halides**
creating carbon nitrogen double bonds
62
Cadiot- Chodkiewicz coupling does this
coupling reaction between a terminal **alkyne** and a halo**alkyne**
catalyzed by copper 1 salt and amine base
makes **alkyne(diacetylene)**
63
**Cannizzaro Reaction does this**
reacts: two **aldehydes**
Produces: (through oxidation**)carboxylic acid** and (through reduction)an **alcohol**
64
Reducing a carbonyl typically makes
alcohols
65
CBS reaction stands for and does
Corey Baksi Shibati reduction
ketone is reduced to make alcohol
it's n/s catalyst is a boron compound
66
CBS catalyst is
and has
Boron
Ph is phenol
67
Chugaev reaction is this
an **elimination** reaction
**alcohols** have **water** eliminated to make **alkenes**
68
Claisen condensation does this
reaction that occurs between **two esters** or **one ester and another carbonyl compound** in the presence of a **strong base**,
Makes β-keto **ester** or a β-**diketone**
69
Collins reagent is
complex of **chromium**(VI) oxide with **pyridine** in dichloro**methane**
alternative when oxidizing **secondary alcohols** to **ketones**
DOES SAME AS **JONES REAGENT(REACTION)**
70
Cope reaction does and is?
a **elimination**
elimnation of **amine** to make **alkene** and **hydroxylamine**
71
Cope rearrangment does
**sigmatropic rearrangement** of dienes
| (sigma bond moves)
72
Corey–Fuchs reaction does
transform an **aldehyde** into an **alkyne**
73
Corey–Kim reaction is a
oxidation
makes aldehydes and ketones from primary and secondary alcohols
74
Corey & Winter name a reaction that does
turns **diols** to **alkenes**
75
diol is a
di alchohol
76
Coupling reaction is a?
reactions where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst
77
Criegee mechanism does this
**alkene** and **ozone** react in **1,3 dipolar cycloaddition**
makes alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carbox.. etc
78
Curtius rearrangement(degradation etc) does this
rearrangement of an acyl **azide** to an **isocyanate**
removal of **N2 gas**
79
Dakin reaction does this
redox reaction
reduces phenyl aldehyde(or ketone) to make a benzenediol
80
Dess–Martin reagent is used for
and is?
oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones
has **IODINE**
81
Diisobutylaluminium hydride (**DIBAL-H**)
is used for
made of?
1. co catalyst for **polymerization** of **alkenes**
2. Reducing agent turning **esters and nitriles** to **aldehydes**
**2 Aluminum**
82
Dieckmann condensation
is
intramolecular form of Claisen condensation,
reaction of **diesters** with **base** to give β-**ketoesters**
83
Diels–Alder reaction is?
cycloaddition between a conjugated **diene** and a substituted **alkene** to make a **cyclohexene**
84
Dutt-Wormall reaction does
diazonium salt reacts with a sulfonamide to **make azides**
85
Eder reaction makes this
** Hg**2Cl2(s) + 2[NH4+][Cl−] + **2CO2**
**IT MAKES CO2**
86
Edman degradation does
sequencing amino acids in a peptide (breaking peptide bonds)
87
Einhorn–Brunner reaction does
reaction of **imides** w/ **hydrazines** to make **triazoles**
88
what is an elimination reaction
and 2 types
Reaction where 2 subsituents are removed from molecule
**E1**: two step mechanism
**E2**: one step mechanism
89
Emde degradation is..?
related to **Hoffman eliminiation**
it **reduces ammonium** cation to tertiary **amine**
uses **sodium amalgam**
90
Eschweiler–Clarke reaction does this
primary (or secondary)**amine** is **methylated** using excess **formic acid **and **formaldehyde**
91
Favorskii rearrangment does this
turns a **alkoxide base** into a **ester**
or **amine** to an **amide**
in **basic conditions**
92
Fehling solution tests for
and is made of
tests for aldehyde or ketone, **aldehydes** turn it positive
**Copper 2 sulfate** and **potassium sodium tartrate(**rochelle salt)
is deep blue originally, turns **red precipitate** in aldehyde
tests for monosaccharides in urine
93
Fenton's reagent is
and does?
hydrogen peroxide and iron catalyst
used to oxidize
94
Fischer indole synthesis
produces the **indole** from a (substituted) **phenylhydrazine** and an **aldehyde** or **ketone** under **acidic conditions**
95
Fischer oxazole synthesis
does
synth. **oxazole** from **cyanohydrins** and **aldehydes** in the presence of anhydrous **hydrochloric acid**
96
Fischer glycosidation
is?
reaction of an **aldose or ketose** with an alcohol in the presence of an **acid catalyst** to make **glycoside**
97
Fischer estrification does..?
** carboxylic acid** and an **alcohol** in the presence of an** acid catalyst** makes **ester**
98
Fischer–Tropsch process does
converts a mixture of **carbon monoxide** and **hydrogen** into **liquid hydrocarbons**
99
Fowler's solution is
a solution containing 1% potassium **arsenite** (KAsO2)
100
Frankland was the first person to make
organozinc compounds
101
Free-radical halogenation is?
A halogenation of usually **alkanes **under **UV light**
makes **chloroform**
102
Friedel Crafts acylation is?
It is the addition of an acyl group to a benzene ring
using **acyl chloride** and and an **Lewis acid catalyst(like aluminum chloride and cuprous chloride)**
103
Friedel Crafts alkylation is..?
alkylation of an aromatic ring with an** alkyl halide** using a strong Lewis acid catalyst
**(ferric chloride is catalyst)**
104
Fries rearrangement does
rearrangement reaction of a phenolic **ester** to a hydroxy aryl **ketone** by catalysis of** Lewis acid**
105
Fujimoto-Belleau reaction does
forms cyclic α-substituted α,β-unsaturated **ketones **from **enol lactones**
## Footnote
** is a Grignard reaction/reagent **
106
Fukuyama coupling does this
a coupling reaction taking place between a **thioester** and an** organozinc halide**
w/ Palladium catalyst
makes **ketone**
107
Gabriel synthesis does
transforms primary** alkyl halides** into **primary amines**.
reaction uses **potassium phthalimide**
108
Gassman synthesis does
turns **aniline** into **indoles**
uses **Raney nickel **to **desulfurization** in it
109
Gattermann Koch reaction
does
a Friedel–Crafts **acylation** reaction in which** carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid and AlCl3 catalyst** make **benzaldehyde**
110
Gilman reagent is and does?
used to replace **halides** with **r groups**
111
Glaser Coupling does this
combines two **aldehydes(ethyne)** via **copper** chloride or bromide
112
**Gomberg** names one..
it is made of?
a **radical**(the first)
Triphenylmethyl radical
113
Grignard reaction does this
reaction in which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) add to a **carbonyl** group in an **aldehyde** or **ketone**
114
Grubbs' catalyst is for
and is made of
used for olefin metathesis
main is **ruthenium**
115
Haber–Weiss reaction does
.O2- + H2O2 → •OH + OH- + O2
Superoxide and Hydrogen peroxide make **hydroxyl radical**
116
Hammett equation says
where K is equillibrium constant
sigma is substituent constant
p is reaction constant
ALSO
k is reaction rate
117
Hammett function tests for
acidity
![H_{0} = \mbox{p}K_{BH^+} + \log \frac{[B]}{[BH^+]}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/e/1/2e1ce7ec35aec0eb867a815ff9fa72f9.png)
conj acid: BH+
Base: B
118
Hammond's postulate is for
concerns the transition state of organic chemical reactions
119
Hantzsch type
ester
120
Haworth projection is..?
A projection of a cyclic monosaccharide
**Thicker line** means atoms closer to viewer
121
Fischer projection is?
Used to show carbohydrates
122
Haworth phenanthrene synthesis is?
A type of Friedel Crafts reaction
uses two reductions Wolf Kishner or Clemmonson
123
Mizoroki-Heck reaction does this
reaction of an **unsaturated halide** with an **alkene** in the presence of a **base** and a **palladium catalyst** to form a substituted **alkene**
124
Herz reaction does
conversion of an aniline-derivative to a Herz-salt disulfur dichloride,
followed by hydrolysis of this Herz-salt (2) to the corresponding sodium **thiol**ate
makes **THIOLS**
125
Ellman's reagent is and tests for?
DTNB
quantify the number or concentration of **thiol groups** in a sample
126
Herzig–Meyer alkimide group determination is for
basically its a reverse Hoffman elimination
127
Hinsberg reaction is?
is a chemical test for the detection of **amines**
reagent contains an aqueous **sodium(potassium) hydroxide** solution and** benzenesulfonyl chloride**
128
Hofmann elimination is?
also known as **exhaustive methylation**
an **amine** is reacted to create a **tertiary amine** and an **alkene** by treatment with excess** methyl iodide**
followed by treatment with **silver oxide**, **water**, and heat
129
What is an amide
Is where nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl bonded to an r group
(first especially)
130
Hofmann rearrangment (degredation) does
organic reaction of a primary **amide** to a primary **amine** with one fewer carbon atoms
**has isocyanate intermediate**
131
Imide is a?
Nitrogen thats bonded to two acyl groups and one r group
132
Isocyanate is a?
functional group with the formula **R–N=C=O**
133
Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction is
reaction of stabilized **phosphonate carbanions** with **aldehydes** (or **ketones**) to produce predominantly E-**alkenes**
## Footnote
**is a Wittig reaction**
134
Houben–Hoesch reaction does this
reaction in which a **nitrile** reacts with an **arene** compound to form an aryl **ketone**
135
Hunsdiecker reaction does this
organic reaction of **silver salts of carboxylic acids** with **halogens** to give **organic halides**
136
Ing-Manske reaction is?
basically is **Gabriel Synthesis**
alkyl **halides** to **amines**
137
Jacobsen reaction is a type of ?
Epoxidation
also a Sharpless epoxidation
138
Jacobsen rearrangement does this
migration of an alkyl group derived from a polyalkyl- or polyhalobenzene
in a sulfonic acid(sometimes **sulfuric acid**)
139
Jones oxidation
is?
organic reaction for the oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones
reagent is solution of **chromium trioxide in dilute sulfuric acid and acetone**
140
Ullmann condensation(synth) does this
a **phenol** is coupled to an **aryl halide** to create a **diaryl ether** in the presence of a **copper compound**
141
Julia reaction does this
reaction of phenyl sulfones (1) with **aldehydes** (or **ketones**) to give **alkenes**
a type of WIttig reaction
142
Willgerodt rearrangement does this
reaction converting an aryl alkyl **ketone** to the corresponding **amide** by reaction with **ammonium polysulfide**
143
Knoevenagel condensation(reaction) does this
sorta an **aldol condensation**
nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is **eliminated**
144
Paal–Knorr synthesis does this
reaction that generates either** furans, pyrroles, or thiophenes** from 1,4-**diketones**
1. **furan** synthesis requires an acid catalyst
2. pyrrole synthesis a primary **amine** participates
3. for **thiophene** compound phosphorus pentasulfide:
145
Kochi reaction is
variation on the **Hunsdiecker reaction**
reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides with lead tetraacetate and a lithium chloride or other lithium salts
146
Kolbe–Schmitt reaction does
a carboxylation reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phenolate (the **sodium salt of phenol**) with **carbon dioxide **treated w/ **sulfuric acid**
**makes salicylic acid**
a carboxylic acid
147
Kolbe synthesis does this
**alkylhalide** with a metal **cyanide** makes **alkyl nitriles**
148
Leimgruber-Batcho reaction does this
produce **indoles** from o-**nitro**toluenes
effected by Raney nickel and hydrazine is used
149
Lindlar catalyst is?
And does?
a** heterogeneous catalyst** that consists of** palladium** deposited on calcium carbonate or barium **sulfate** and treated with various forms of **lead**
used for the **hydrogenation** of **alkynes to alkenes**
150
Lossen rearrangement does this
conversion of a hydroxamic acid(made from **ester**) (1) to an **isocyanate**
151
Lucas' reagent is?
tests for?
solution of anhydrous **zinc chloride** in concentrated** hydrochloric acid**
used to **classify alcohols** of low molecular weight
152
Luche reaction is?
a **reduction**
converts **ketones** to **alcohols**
with lanthanoid chlorides such as** cerium(III) chloride and sodium borohydride**
153
Madelung synthesis does this
produces **indoles** by the intramolecular** cyclization of N-phenylamides** using **strong base** at high temps
154
Mannich reaction does
consists of an amino alkylation
formaldyhyde, an amine(or ammonia), and a carbonyl reaction
makes beta-amino carbonyl, a Mannich base
155
**Markovnikov's rule says?**
when adding acid HX to unsym. alkene, hydrogen attaches to carbon with most hydrogens
halogen adds to group with most alkyl sustituents 
left product is good
156
McFadyen-Stevens reaction does
base-catalyzed thermal decomposition of acylsulfonylhydrazides to **aldehydes**
157
McMurry reaction(coupling) does this
reaction in which two **ketone** or **aldehyde** groups are **coupled to an alkene** using** *_titanium_* chloride** compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent
## Footnote
**alkene is made**
158
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reaction is a?
Reduction
the** reduction of ketones and aldehydes** to their corresponding alcohols utilizing **aluminium** alkoxide catalysis in the **presence of a sacrificial alcohol**
159
Oppenauer reaction is this
an oxidation
selectively oxidizing secondary **alcohols** to **ketones** The alcohol is oxidized with** aluminium isopropoxide** in excess **acetone**
opposite of ** Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction**
160
Meisenheimer complex is this
1:1 reaction adduct between an** arene carrying electron withdrawing groups** and **nucleophile**
161
Mitsunobu reaction
converts **alcohol **to various funct. group via inversion of stereochemistry
makes **ester** via **triphenylphosphine** and **DEAD **or **DIAD**
162
Nef reaction does this
reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary **nitroalkane** (1) to an **aldehyde** or a **ketone** (3) and **nitrous oxide**
## Footnote
**with sulfuric acid**
163
Negishi coupling does this
reaction in organic chemistry involving an **organozinc** compound, an organic **halide** and a **nickel or palladium catalyst** creating a new carbon–carbon covalent bond
164
Nicholas reaction does this
reaction where a dicobalt octacarbonyl-stabilized propargylic cation is reacted with a nucleophile.
Oxidative demetallation **gives the desired alkylated alkyne**
165
Ninhydrin is?
molecule, that binds with ammonia or amines to make **Ruhemann's purple**
166
Noyori asymmetric reaction is this
**hydrogenation**
reaction for the enantioselective hydrogenation of **ketone, aldehydes, and imines**. This reaction exploits using chiral **ruthenium** catalysts
**makes hydroxyl group**
167
Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction
does this
is a nickel/chromium coupling reaction **forming an alcohol** from the reaction of an **aldehyde** with **an allyl or vinyl halide**
168
Passerini reaction is this
reaction involving an **isocyanide**, an **aldehyde (or ketone)**, and a **carboxylic acid** to form a α-acyloxy **amide**
169
Pauson–Khand reaction does this
cycloaddition between an **alkyne**, an **alkene** and** carbon monoxide** to **form a α,β-cyclopentenone**
170
Payne rearrangement does this
isomerization, under basic conditions, of **2,3-epoxy alcohols** to isomeric **2,3-epoxy alcohols** with inversion of configuration
171
Pechmann condensation does
is a synthesis of **coumarins**, starting from a **phenol** and a **carboxylic acid** or **ester** containing a β-carbonyl group
under **acidic **condition
172
Petasis reaction is this
reaction of an **amine**, **aldehyde**, and vinyl- or aryl-**boronic** acid to form **substituted amines**
173
Petasis reagent is?
**organotitanium** compound with the formula Cp2Ti(CH3)2
174
Zincke reaction
a pyridine is transformed into a pyridinium salt by reaction with 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene and a primary **amine**
175
Zincke names a type of..?
aldehyde
176
Peterson reaction does
reaction of α-silyl carbanions 1 with **ketones** (or **aldehydes**) to form a β-hydroxy**silane** 2 which eliminates to form **alkenes**
177
Pinacol rearrangement does
converting a 1,2-diol to a carbonyl compound
178
what is a pinacol
a diol with vicinal hydroxyls(right next to each other)
