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Science 30 > Chem 30 > Flashcards

Chem 30 Flashcards

Equilibrium,

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1
Q

What is a dynamic equilibrium?

A
  1. is reversible
  2. All observable properties appear constant
  3. No matter is exchanged
    -> constant temperature
  4. Either direction can be approached from
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2
Q

What is phase equilibrium?

A

Single substance in different states of matter. Kettle water is evaporated and condensed constantly.

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3
Q

What is solubility equilibrium?

A

a saturated solution
-> a rate of dissolving and rate of crystallization are happening at equal rates.

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4
Q

How to determine whether the reaction is products or reactants favoured?

A

% yield < 50% reactants favoured
% yield > 50% products favoured

Kc > 1 favours products
Kc < 1 favours reactants

Within acid/base reactions
By looking at the acid relative strength chart in your data book.

If the acid is higher up than the base it is products favoured
If the base is higher than the acid it is reactants favoured.

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5
Q

What is the equilibrium constant?

A

products/ reactants
using the concentrations of the gaseous and aqueous substances.
Temperature is the only thing that changes the Kc

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6
Q

What is the approximation rule?

A

If the reactants/ Kc is greater than 1000 you can disregard the change in concentration.

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7
Q

What is Le Chatelier Principle?

Think purely what it is not the specifics.

A

Predicting the affect change has on equilibrium.

There are going to be questions on the different changes.

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8
Q

In regards to Le Chatelier Principle

What affect does a change in concentration have on equilibrium?

A

Increasing the concentration of a substance will cause the reaction to move in the opposing direction.

If you decrease the concentration of a substance it will cause the reaction to move in the direction of the reduced concentration.

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9
Q

In regards to Le Chatelier Principle

What affect does Pressure/Volume have on equilibrium?

A

+P -V = less moles side of reaction gets created more.
Vice versa

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10
Q

In regards to Le Chatelier Principle

What affect does Temperature have on equilibrium?

A

Increase in temp. will shift the reaction to reduce heat (more endothermic)
Vice Versa

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11
Q

What is the water ionization constant?

And what is the equation of the water ionization constant?

A

1.00 x 10^ -14 at SATP

Kw = Ka x Kb

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12
Q

How do strong acids ionize?

A

Completely

Reaction is > 99.9%

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13
Q

How do weak acids ionize?

A

less than 50%

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14
Q

What is the equation of % ionization?

A

% ionization= acid/base over weak acid/base

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15
Q

What is the Bronsted - Lowry Acid-Base Concept?

A

Acid = proton donator
Base = proton acceptor

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16
Q

What is amphoteric/amphiprotic?

A

Substance can act as an acid or base.

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17
Q

What compounds are not considered Organic?

A

Oxides- CO,CO2
Ionic compounds- CO3 2-, CN-

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18
Q

Types of formulas

A
  1. Structural Formula
    * all elements shown
  2. Condensed
    * hydrogens are condensed on carbons
    * CH3-CH3
  3. Line
    * end of each line is carbon
    * assumed that it is saturated
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19
Q

Properties

Alkanes

A
  • all single bonds
  • saturated
  • CnH2n+2
  • non polar
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20
Q

Properties

Alkenes

A
  • @ least 1 double bond
  • unsaturated
  • CnH2n
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21
Q

Properties

Alkynes

A
  • @ least 1 triple bond
  • unsaturated
  • CnH2n-2
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22
Q

Nomenclature

How do you name an aliphatic compound?

A
  1. longest chain is parent chain.
    * use prefix for # of C
    * suffix for the type of aliphatic compound
  2. Branching
    * name the chain with prefix add yl
    * number before for the C # where it branches
    * make branch # as low as possible

between #s commas
between #s and words dashes

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23
Q

What is the reactivity of the aliphatics?

From greatest to lowest.

A

Alkynes
Alkenes
Alkanes

24
Q
A
25
Q

How are cycloalkanes and alkenes similar?

Same as cycloalkenes and alkynes.

A

When you circle the carbons you lose hydrogens, so a cycloalkane has all single bonds but it is an isomer of an alkene via the general formula-
* CnH2n

26
Q

What is the molecular formula for benzene?

A

C6H6

27
Q

What is benzene as a branch called when naming it?

A

Phenyl branch

28
Q

What are the properties of Organic halides?

A
  • has halogen instead of hydrogen
  • polar because of electronegativity
  • soluble in water
29
Q

What the properties of alcohols?

A
  • has hydroxyl group (OH)
  • polar
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • add suffix “ol” after parent chain
30
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

A
  • has caboxyl group (COOH)
  • polar
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • “oic” suffix
31
Q

What are the properties of esters?

A
  • formed from acid and alcohol in esterification reaction
  • product is ester and water
  • “oate” suffix
  • alcohol first then acid
32
Q

What happens to the properties when you add branches?

A

lower properties

33
Q

What is the order of molecules boiling point from lowest to highest?

A

Alkenes
Alkanes
Alkynes
Cycloaliphatics
Halogenated-Depending on the halogen
Esters
Alcohols
Acids

34
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Heat is at bottom. The longest C-chained compounds are at the bottom and the shortest chains are at the top.

35
Q

What are cracking and reforming reaction?

A

Cracking is breaking a longer chain into smaller chains
And reforming reactions are putting those smaller chains back together to make long chains.

36
Q

What is catalytic reforming?

A

A reaction that improves gasoline.
Aliphatic compound -> aromatic and H2

37
Q

What are addition reactions? The general equation?

A
  • Only alkenes/ynes
    alkenes/ynes + H2 or halide ion -> alkane/ene
    Since you break the bond you have space to saturate the molecule.
38
Q

What are subsitution reactions?

A

The compound will substitute a hydrogen or halide out for another.
CH3- CH3 + Br2 -> CH2Br - CH3 - HBr

39
Q

What are elimination reactions?

A

Alcohol -> alkene + water
Known as a dehydration reaction.
Organic halide + OH- -> alkenes + halide ion + water

CH3-CH2OH -> CH2=CH2 + H2O

40
Q

What are esterification reactions?

A

Alcohol + acid -> ester + water
takes OH from alcohol and H from hydroxyl group in acid to make water.

41
Q

What is polymerization?

A

Polymers are large molecules made of monomers.
CH2=CH2 -> R-CH2-CH2-R

42
Q

What is a addition polymerization?

A
  • Needs unsaturated monomer.
  • Makes one product.
  • Polymer name ends in “ene” or “yne” because it came from an “ene” or “yne”
43
Q

What is a condensation polymerization?

A
  • Needs bifunctional group
  • Creates a polymer and water
44
Q

What is a Redox reaction?

A

When both Oxidation and Reduction occur

45
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Happens to the RA, Anode
loses electrons

46
Q

What is reduction?

A

Happens at Cathode, OA
Gains electrons

47
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

When the OA and the RA are the same entity

48
Q

Rules for oxidation states?

A

Oxygen is 2-
Peroxide is 1-
Hydrogen is 1+
Hydride 1-

Elements are 0
Polyatomics are charge
Monoatomics are charge of ion

49
Q

How do you balance a redox equation?

A

You balance the atoms, with water and hydrogen

the electrons should be equal on both sides

50
Q

What is there to know about a voltaic or galvantic cell?

A

Cell potential is positive
Separation because spontaneous reaction

51
Q

What is there to know about a electrolytic cell?

A

Cell potential is negative
no separation required because
non-spontaneous reaction

52
Q

What is true for both electorchemical cells?

A

Cathode is Reduction
gains mass
Cations move to it

Anode is oxidation
loses mass
Anions move to it

Electrons move from anode to cathode

53
Q

How do you calculate the cell potential?

A

Cathode - Anode

54
Q

What is the chorlide anomaly?

A

When Cl2 and H20 are the only RAs use Cl2 as the SRA

55
Q

What is true about an exothermic reaction?

A

enthalpy is negative and the products have less potential than the reactants

energy is a product

56
Q

What is true about an endothermic reaction?

A

enthalpy is postitive and the products have more energy than the reactants

energy is a reactant

57
Q

What is the energy needed for the reaction to occur in thermo called?

A

Activated complex

Science 30 (3 decks)

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