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Science 30 > Bio 30 > Flashcards

Bio 30 Flashcards

Cell division,

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Within the cell division cycle, what occurs in the G1 section?

A

Before DNA replication
Should they replicate?

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2
Q

Within the cell division cycle, what occurs in the synthesis section?

A

DNA synthesis- Replication of chromosomes.

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3
Q

Within the cell division cycle, what occurs in the G2 section?

A

Time between synthesis and cell division.
Double check for mistakes in the DNA replication.
Growth and cell metabolism

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4
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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5
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis

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6
Q

In meiosis, what phase does DNA reduction occur?

A

Anaphase 1

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7
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense
Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere
Nucleic membrane dissolves

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8
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up along the division line.

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9
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres from the centrosomes pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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10
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The nucleic membrane reforms
The organelles are being formed

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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The daughter cells separate.
The chromosomes decondense into chromatin

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12
Q

What happens in Prophase 1 within meiosis?

A

Along with the normal mitosis prophase, Crossover/synapsis occurs.
DNA recombination
The homolog ( maternal and paternal chromosomes ) pairs line up and trade DNA.

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13
Q

What is different about Metaphase/ Anaphase 1 from the same phase within mitosis?

A

The homologs pairs are separated.
The amount of DNA is reduced from diploid to haploid.

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14
Q

What is diploid?

A

2n
Two sets of DNA

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15
Q

What is haploid?

A

n
One set of DNA

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16
Q

What is telomeric shortening?

A

The shortening of the ends of chromosomes.
Every time a chromosome divides the telomere loses mass, however the telomere has useless information. Once the useful information cut off you lose genetic information.

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17
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

3 copies of chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a monosomy?

A

1 copy of a chromosome

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19
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When chromosomes don’t separate properly.

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20
Q

What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

A

Identical twins came from one egg and one sperm. But when a cell divides it becomes two different organisms. This makes their DNA identical.
Fraternal twins came from two eggs and two sperm. And they implant at the same time.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Tropic and Non-tropic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones cause a cascade of other hormones
Non-Tropic hormones cause direct change.

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22
Q

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Gigantism is an excess of hGH before puberty.
Acromegaly is an excess of hGH post-puberty?

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23
Q

What is the short-term stress response?

A

The brain sends an action potential to the adrenal medulla, where epinephrine and norepinephrine are released. This increases heartrate and bloodflow to muscles, as well as increased breath rate.

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24
Q

What is the long-term stress reponse?

A

The pituitary gland will releases ACTH which causes the adrenal cortex to release:
* Aldosterone: Increased Na retention and water reabsorption.
* Cortisol: Breaks down protein for energy
* Androgens

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25
Q

How is the blood sugar regulation system work?

A

Released by the pancreas( islets of langerhans)
* Insulin: causes glucose to move into cells converted to glycogen
* Glucagon: causes glycogent to convert to glucose and move into the bloodstream.

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26
Q

How is thyroxine levels regulated?

What happens when thyroxine can’t be made?

A

TRF -> TSH -> thyroxine

When the thyroxine levels are high, TRF will turn off.

A goiter occurs ( inflamed thyroid)

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27
Q

How are calcium levels maintained?

A

When Ca levels are high, Calcitonin is released from the thyroid. Which causes Ca to move from the bloodstream to the bones.
When Ca levels are low, PTH is released from the parathyroid which causes Ca to move from bones to bloodstream.

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28
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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29
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system conprised of?

A

The autonomic NS (internal organs and glands)
1. Sympathetic NS
* Stess response
2. Parasympathetic NS
* Calm
Somatic NS (Voluntary + sense organs)
1. Sensory
* input
* Afferent
2. Motor
* output
* Efferent

30
Q

What direction does an action potential travel?

A

From dendrite to axon terminals.

31
Q

In what order does a reflex arc occur?

A

Stimulus receptor -> sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron -> effector

32
Q

In what order does an action potential occur?

A

Resting potential -> threshold potential -> depolarization -> repolarization -> hyperpolarization -> refactory period

33
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

A

cerebellum

34
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for the involuntary survival instinct?

A

Medulla oblongata

35
Q

What is your sense of smell and taste referred to?

A

Smell= olfaction
Taste= gustation

36
Q

What type of receptor is present in the mouth and nose?

A

chemoreceptors

37
Q

At what point in the ear are waves changed to vibrations?

A

Tympanic membrane

38
Q

What structure is responsible for the body’s sense of where it is in space?

A

Vestibular Apparatus/ semi circular membrane.

39
Q

What structure converts the vibrations into an electrical impulse via mechanoreceptors?

A

Cochlea/Organ of Corti/ Basilar Membrane

40
Q

What path does light travel through the eye to be processed?

A

cornea -> aqueous humour -> pupil -> vitreous humour -> retina -> optic nerve -> occipital lobe

41
Q

What photoreceptor is responsible for your colour recognition? Your grey scale?

A

Rods are responsible for the grey scale and the cones are for red, green, and yellow colour recognition

42
Q

What is the dogma of Genetics?

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

43
Q

How does DNA replication work?

A

1.Helicase forks DNA
2. Primers lay the starting place
3. DNA polymerase copies complementary pairs from 5’ to 3’
* Leading strand continuously copies DNA
* Lagging strand has to go in Osaki strands, like a typewriter. Laying down sections from 5’ to 3’
* Ligase glues the complentary strands together

44
Q

How does Transcription work?

Where does this occur?

A
  1. Helicase creates a bubble where the DNA separates
  2. RNA polymerase copies over the complementary pairs where A become U instead of T.
  3. Then the DNA is glued back together by ligase

Nucleus

45
Q

How does Translation work?

Where does this occur?

A

mRNA is brought to a ribosome where it is decoded in 3 bases or codon.

The codon connects to an anti codon on an tRNA which connects the corresponding amino acid to the chain

Ribosome

46
Q

What do rescription enzymes do?

A

Cut DNA sequences at a percise location

47
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

two of the same alleles

48
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

One of each allele

49
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The genetics and what they show

50
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

The observable traits.

51
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Equally dominant alleles interact
* resulting in a spectrum

52
Q

What is codominance?

A

both genes are expresed at the same time

Blood types

53
Q

What is the law of independant assortment?

A

Different genes are not connected and assorted independently

54
Q

What is the law of segragation?

A

Alleles of the same gene are split up in meiosis

55
Q

Think distance.

What is true when gene mapping?

A

The distance between linkage groups is additive.
Or frequency

56
Q

Pedigree

If a pedigree show a disorder equally in both sexs and one parent has the gene most likely what is the classification of the disorder?

A

Autosomal Dominant

57
Q

Pedigree

If a pedigree shows equal frequency of the disorder between sexs and it pops up out of no where. Most likely the classification of the disorder is?

A

Autosomal Recessive

58
Q

Pedigree

If a pedigree shows more frequency in males and the affected daughters must have fathers with the affected gene. This pedigree most likely shows what type of disorder?

A

X-linked Recessive

59
Q

Pedigree

If a pedigree shows up more in females???? and

A

????

60
Q

What are some competing factors?

A

Sexual Selection
* Non random Mating

Mutation
* DNA changes good or bad

Genetic Drift
* random chance gene change in population

Genetic Flow
* Movement of new genes into population
* immigration and emmigration

Natural Selection
* Survival of the fittest

61
Q

What are the two Hardy Wenberg formulas?

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

p+q=1

Where p =dominant allele
p^2 =homozygous dominant genotype
q=recessive allele
q^2=homozygous recessive genotype
2pq = heterozygous genotype

62
Q

What is Pre-zygotic speciation?

A

Species separated physically, mechanically, behaviourally or time

63
Q

What is post-zygotic speciation?

A

Hybrid Inviability
* offspring that die before they reproductive age

Hybrid Infertility
* results in offspring that are sterile

Hybrid Breakdown
* G1 fertile while G2 fails to develop or are infertile

64
Q

What is Gause’s Principle?

A

If two organisms occupy the same niche one will be eliminated

65
Q

What is INTERspecific competition?

A

Competition between species

66
Q

What is INTRAspecific competition?

A

Competition between same species

67
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Starting from the beginning ei: no soil; rock

Hawaii, or receding glacier

68
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Soil already exists
Happens after destruction of a community

69
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system where no immigration or emmigration don’t occur

Food and waste cannot enter or leave

70
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

’ # of offspring produced when no restriction are on the population

71
Q

What is an ‘r’ species?

A
  • Unstable conditions
  • High biotic potential
  • J shaped exponential curve
72
Q

What is a ‘K’ species?

A
  • Stable conditions
  • Low biotic potential
  • Intense intraspecific competition
  • S shaped curve

Science 30 (3 decks)

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