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Bio 30 Flashcards

Cell division,

1
Q

Within the cell division cycle, what occurs in the G1 section?

A

Before DNA replication
Should they replicate?

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2
Q

Within the cell division cycle, what occurs in the synthesis section?

A

DNA synthesis- Replication of chromosomes.

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3
Q

Within the cell division cycle, what occurs in the G2 section?

A

Time between synthesis and cell division.
Double check for mistakes in the DNA replication.
Growth and cell metabolism

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4
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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5
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis

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6
Q

In meiosis, what phase does DNA reduction occur?

A

Anaphase 1

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7
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense
Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere
Nucleic membrane dissolves

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8
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up along the division line.

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9
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres from the centrosomes pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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10
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The nucleic membrane reforms
The organelles are being formed

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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The daughter cells separate.
The chromosomes decondense into chromatin

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12
Q

What happens in Prophase 1 within meiosis?

A

Along with the normal mitosis prophase, Crossover/synapsis occurs.
DNA recombination
The homolog ( maternal and paternal chromosomes ) pairs line up and trade DNA.

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13
Q

What is different about Metaphase/ Anaphase 1 from the same phase within mitosis?

A

The homologs pairs are separated.
The amount of DNA is reduced from diploid to haploid.

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14
Q

What is diploid?

A

2n
Two sets of DNA

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15
Q

What is haploid?

A

n
One set of DNA

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16
Q

What is telomeric shortening?

A

The shortening of the ends of chromosomes.
Every time a chromosome divides the telomere loses mass, however the telomere has useless information. Once the useful information cut off you lose genetic information.

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17
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

3 copies of chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a monosomy?

A

1 copy of a chromosome

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19
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When chromosomes don’t separate properly.

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20
Q

What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

A

Identical twins came from one egg and one sperm. But when a cell divides it becomes two different organisms. This makes their DNA identical.
Fraternal twins came from two eggs and two sperm. And they implant at the same time.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Tropic and Non-tropic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones cause a cascade of other hormones
Non-Tropic hormones cause direct change.

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22
Q

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Gigantism is an excess of hGH before puberty.
Acromegaly is an excess of hGH post-puberty?

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23
Q

What is the short-term stress response?

A

The brain sends an action potential to the adrenal medulla, where epinephrine and norepinephrine are released. This increases heartrate and bloodflow to muscles, as well as increased breath rate.

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24
Q

What is the long-term stress reponse?

A

The pituitary gland will releases ACTH which causes the adrenal cortex to release:
* Aldosterone: Increased Na retention and water reabsorption.
* Cortisol: Breaks down protein for energy
* Androgens

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25
How is the blood sugar regulation system work?
Released by the pancreas( islets of langerhans) * Insulin: causes glucose to move into cells converted to glycogen * Glucagon: causes glycogent to convert to glucose and move into the bloodstream.
26
How is thyroxine levels regulated? | What happens when thyroxine can't be made?
TRF -> TSH -> thyroxine When the thyroxine levels are high, TRF will turn off. | A goiter occurs ( inflamed thyroid)
27
How are calcium levels maintained?
When Ca levels are high, Calcitonin is released from the thyroid. Which causes Ca to move from the bloodstream to the bones. When Ca levels are low, PTH is released from the parathyroid which causes Ca to move from bones to bloodstream.
28
What is the Central Nervous System?
The brain and the spinal cord
29
What is the peripheral nervous system conprised of?
The autonomic NS (internal organs and glands) 1. Sympathetic NS * Stess response 2. Parasympathetic NS * Calm Somatic NS (Voluntary + sense organs) 1. Sensory * input * Afferent 2. Motor * output * Efferent
30
What direction does an action potential travel?
From dendrite to axon terminals.
31
In what order does a reflex arc occur?
Stimulus receptor -> sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron -> effector
32
In what order does an action potential occur?
Resting potential -> threshold potential -> depolarization -> repolarization -> hyperpolarization -> refactory period
33
What part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
cerebellum
34
What part of the brain is responsible for the involuntary survival instinct?
Medulla oblongata
35
What is your sense of smell and taste referred to?
Smell= olfaction Taste= gustation
36
What type of receptor is present in the mouth and nose?
chemoreceptors
37
At what point in the ear are waves changed to vibrations?
Tympanic membrane
38
What structure is responsible for the body's sense of where it is in space?
Vestibular Apparatus/ semi circular membrane.
39
What structure converts the vibrations into an electrical impulse via mechanoreceptors?
Cochlea/Organ of Corti/ Basilar Membrane
40
What path does light travel through the eye to be processed?
cornea -> aqueous humour -> pupil -> vitreous humour -> retina -> optic nerve -> occipital lobe
41
What photoreceptor is responsible for your colour recognition? Your grey scale?
Rods are responsible for the grey scale and the cones are for red, green, and yellow colour recognition
42
What is the dogma of Genetics?
Replication Transcription Translation
43
How does DNA replication work?
1.Helicase forks DNA 2. Primers lay the starting place 3. DNA polymerase copies complementary pairs from 5' to 3' * Leading strand continuously copies DNA * Lagging strand has to go in Osaki strands, like a typewriter. Laying down sections from 5' to 3' * Ligase glues the complentary strands together
44
How does Transcription work? ## Footnote Where does this occur?
1. Helicase creates a bubble where the DNA separates 2. RNA polymerase copies over the complementary pairs where A become U instead of T. 3. Then the DNA is glued back together by ligase ## Footnote Nucleus
45
How does Translation work? ## Footnote Where does this occur?
mRNA is brought to a ribosome where it is decoded in 3 bases or codon. The codon connects to an anti codon on an tRNA which connects the corresponding amino acid to the chain ## Footnote Ribosome
46
What do rescription enzymes do?
Cut DNA sequences at a percise location
47
What does homozygous mean?
two of the same alleles
48
What does heterozygous mean?
One of each allele
49
What is the genotype?
The genetics and what they show
50
What does phenotype mean?
The observable traits.
51
What is incomplete dominance?
Equally dominant alleles interact * resulting in a spectrum
52
What is codominance?
both genes are expresed at the same time | Blood types
53
What is the law of independant assortment?
Different genes are not connected and assorted independently
54
What is the law of segragation?
Alleles of the same gene are split up in meiosis
55
# Think distance. What is true when gene mapping?
The distance between linkage groups is additive. Or frequency
56
# Pedigree If a pedigree show a disorder equally in both sexs and one parent has the gene most likely what is the classification of the disorder?
Autosomal Dominant
57
# Pedigree If a pedigree shows equal frequency of the disorder between sexs and it pops up out of no where. Most likely the classification of the disorder is?
Autosomal Recessive
58
# Pedigree If a pedigree shows more frequency in males and the affected daughters must have fathers with the affected gene. This pedigree most likely shows what type of disorder?
X-linked Recessive
59
# Pedigree If a pedigree shows up more in females???? and
????
60
What are some competing factors?
Sexual Selection * Non random Mating Mutation * DNA changes good or bad Genetic Drift * random chance gene change in population Genetic Flow * Movement of new genes into population * immigration and emmigration Natural Selection * Survival of the fittest
61
What are the two Hardy Wenberg formulas?
p^2+2pq+q^2=1 p+q=1 Where p =dominant allele p^2 =homozygous dominant genotype q=recessive allele q^2=homozygous recessive genotype 2pq = heterozygous genotype
62
What is Pre-zygotic speciation?
Species separated physically, mechanically, behaviourally or time
63
What is post-zygotic speciation?
Hybrid Inviability * offspring that die before they reproductive age Hybrid Infertility * results in offspring that are sterile Hybrid Breakdown * G1 fertile while G2 fails to develop or are infertile
64
What is Gause's Principle?
If two organisms occupy the same niche one will be eliminated
65
What is INTERspecific competition?
Competition between species
66
What is INTRAspecific competition?
Competition between same species
67
What is primary succession?
Starting from the beginning ei: no soil; rock ## Footnote Hawaii, or receding glacier
68
What is secondary succession?
Soil already exists Happens after destruction of a community
69
What is a closed system?
A system where no immigration or emmigration don't occur Food and waste cannot enter or leave
70
What is biotic potential?
' # of offspring produced when no restriction are on the population
71
What is an 'r' species?
* Unstable conditions * High biotic potential * J shaped exponential curve
72
What is a 'K' species?
* Stable conditions * Low biotic potential * Intense intraspecific competition * S shaped curve

Science 30 (3 decks)

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