chem Flashcards
How do you increase the rate of reaction?
increase tempature, increase surface area, increase concentration, add a catalyst
What are the properties of a catalyst?
increases the rate of reaction without being used up and can be recovered while being completly unchanged
why are catalysts used in industry
because they allow reactions to take place at lower temputures which saves money and energy
how do you monitor the rate of a insoluble reaction
flask with topper on it with a pipe going through to a mesuring cylinder with water in it
how do you monitor the rate of a soluble reaction
flask with topper on it and a pipe going through the topper to a gas syringe
what is the endpoint of a reaction
where the line goes flat
what does the endpoint on a graph show
the reaction has stopped
how do you find the rate of reaction
change in quantity divided by change in time
what is inside the nucleus
protons and neutrons
what is the charge and mass of a neutron
no charge with a mass of 1 amu
what is the charge and mass of a proton
positive with a mass of 1 amu
what is the charge and mass of an electron
negative with a mass of 0 amu
where can you find the atomic number
in the perodic table on top of each element
what does the atomic number tell you
the number of protons
what is the mass number
the number of protons plus neutrons
what does the nuclide notation show you
the mass number and the atomic number
why must the number of electrons and protons in an atom be the same
becuase atoms have to have a neutral charge
what is an isotope
isotopes are atoms with the saem atomic number but different mass number
what does RAM stand for
relative atomic mass
when are ions formed
when an atom gains or losses electron
what happens when an atom doesnt have an equal number of protons to electrons
an ion is formed
why do metal atoms lose electrons
to form a posative ion
why do non-metal atoms gain electrons
to form a negative ion and make a strong outer shell of 8 electrons
what is a molecule
a molecule is made up of 2 or more atoms bonded together via covalent bonding, a molecule is typically made up of non-metal atoms only.
what is a covalent bond
a covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between two non-metals
how are the atoms in a molecule held together
electrostatic force of attraction between the positive nuclei of the atom and the negatively charged electrons
what is linear
one bond
what is angular
two bonds
what is pyramidal
three bonds
what is tetrahedral
four bonds
what is an ionic bond
the electrostatic force of attraction between a posative metal ion and a negative non-metal ion
what type of bond is formed between two non-metals
covalent
what type of bond is formed between a non-metal and a metal
ionic
what are the properties of an ionic compounds
they have high melting points and boiling points they can also conduct electricity ONLY when molten or in solution
why can ionic compounds
becuase then the ions are free to move
what are the properties of covalent network substances
they have very high melting and boiling points, they are insoluble in water, they do NOT conduct electricity with the exeption of graphite becuase of its delocalised electrons
what are the properties of covalent molecular substances
they have strong covalent bonds within molecules but weak forces of attraction between molecules, they have low melting and boiling points and they do NOT conduct electricity with the exception of water
this substance has a low boiling and melting point but doesnt conduct electricity, what type of bonding is this
covalent molecular
this substance has a very high boiling and melting point but doesnt conduct electricity, what type of bonding is this
covalent network
this compound has high boiling and melting points and can only conduct when molten or in solution, what type of bonding is this
ionic
this compound can only conduct when molten or in solution, what type of bonding is this
ionic
what are delocalized electrons
electrons which are free to move
what does it mean if a compounds name ends with “-ide”
the compound only contains these two elements
what does it mean if a compounds name ends with “-ate” or “-ite”
the compound is made up of three or more elements
what is valency
valency is the number of bonds that an element can form
what does the GFM find out
the mass of one mole
how would u find the mass of something
number of moles * GFM
how do u find the number of moles
concentration * volume in liters
how do u find the GFM
add all the RAMs of all the elements together
what is the solvent
what is doing the dissolving
what is the solute
what is being dissolved
what is the solution
what is produced from the the solute dissolving in the solvent
what is meant by a balanced equation
when there are equal amounts of each element on both sides
how do you find the percentage composition
mass of element / formula mass * 100
what is the pH of a neutral solution
7
what is the pH of an acidic solution
less than 7
what is the pH of an alkaline solution
more than 7
what is the pH scale
the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
how do you find the pH of something
use pH paper or universal indicator
what makes an acidic solution
a higher concentration of hydrogen (H+) than hydroxide (OH-)
what makes an alkaline solution
a higher concentration of hydroxide (OH-) than hydrogen (H+)
why does the pH of an acid become closer to 7 when added to water
becuase the concertration of H+ decreases
what happens when a soluble non-metal oxide is dissolved in water
an acidic solution is produced
when is an acidic solution produced
when a soluble non-metal oxide is dissolved in water
what is neutralisation
the reaction of an acid with a base
what are the two types of bases
metal oxide and alkali
what are the two things made from neutralisation
a salt + water
what is the ending of a salt thats made with hydrochloric acid
chloride
what is the ending of a salt thats made with sulfuric acid
sulfate
what is the ending of a salt thats made with nitric acid
nitrate
