CHEDS- integration and communication Flashcards
What regions of the nervous system are involved in neural integration?
Integration involves networks, nerves, ganglia and brains. In vertebrates, this includes the central and peripheral nervous systems.
what are the functional units of the nervous system? how do they work?
neurons. They transmit chemical and electrical signals to and from other cells throughout the body.
what cells serve as structural and functional support for neurons?
Non-nervous cells
How many glial cells are there for every neuron in the human brain?
roughly one glial cell per neuron.
what is the ratio of glial cells to neurons in cerebral gray matter?
three glia: two neurons.
what are the different types of glial cells?
ASTROCYTES microglia Ependymal cells OLIGODENDROCYTES satellite cells SCHWANN CELLS
(caps are the ones that actually matter.)
what is the principle glial cell of the PNS?
Schwann cells. they wrap around the axons of sensory and motor neurons to form a myelin sheath for insulation.
Describe the beginnings of neural embryonic development. GO!
The embryo begins as a hollow neural tube. At about week 4 the anterior end enlarges into three regions: forebrain (develops into the telencephalon (end) and the diencephalon (posterior), midbrain (mesencephalon) , and hindbrain (metencephalon (superior) and myelencephalon (they contain myelinated axons which change the colour of matter.
metancephalization
gives rise to the pons which is a major traffic center for information passing between the cerebellum and the higher integrating centers of the adult telencephalon and cereballum which integrates sensory signals from sensory receptors and muscles with motor signals from the telencephalon.
Myelencephalon gives rise to……..
gives rise to the medulla oblongata- controls vital involuntary tasks such as respiration and blood circulation.
mesencephalon gives rise to….
the adult midbrain which connects the pons and medulla. it constitutes he brainstem.
What does the midbrain do?
it coordinates reflex responses, like involuntary reactions to visual and auditory input and relays signals to the telencephalon.
telencephalization
gives rise to the cerebellum. the largest part of the human brain. it controls higher order functions like thought, memory, lang, emotions, and voluntary motions.
dicephalozation
forms the thalamus, the centre that coordinates sensory input and relays input to the cerebellum, and hypothalamus, the centre for homeostatic control over the internal environment.
Neocortex
“New BarK” newly gained in evolution. it is the largest part of the cerebral cortex in humans, it covers two cerebral hemispheres. it is involved in sensory perception, the generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, and conscious though and language. the most developed part of the cerebral tissues smooth in small mammals but develop sulci (grooves) and gyri (ridges) in larger mammals. to increase surface area FUCK.
Please define pleasure.
The sweet release of death brought unto us by this fucking Chedy.
What makes a neocortex?
grey matter- neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibres.
white matter- myelinated axons surrounding the deeper part of the brain.
what pairs well with a ham sanDwhich.
COCAINE AND METHADONE.
afferent peripheral nervous system?
neurons that transmit sensory information from their receptors.
efferent PNS??
neurons that carry sigs to effectors and is further divided into somatic (connives and voluntary. but also reflexes, posture , balance and shivering. the somatic portions of the cranial and spinal nerves consist only of axons ) and automatic (controls involuntary processes like digestion, sweat, circulation, reproductive and excretory fuckshons and the contraction of all smooth muscles in the body.
autonomic nervous system????
there are two neurons. the first has dendrites and cell body in the CNS, the axon extends onto the PNS where it creates a synapse with the second neuron. the axon of the second neuron extends from the ganglion to the effector carrying out the response.
sympathetic division???
predominates in situations of MISTAKE/DANGER. preps the body for emergency responses
parasympathetic????
SHUT UP!! predominates during quiet, low-stress situations. promotes “housekeeping” activities–digestion..
sensory neurons can also be called…
afferent neurons. they are v. long unmyelinated axons for rapid communication signals to CNS. they detect or sense information from the outside world and internal body conditions
