Cheat Sheet Flashcards
Three factors that influence the climate
1.) Variation in light intensity2.) The angle/tilt of earth3.) Variation in local conditions
Variation in light intensity
- Varies by latitude- Equator is warmest because sun’s rays are higher- Rains the most in the tropics becuase sun warms the air and warm air rises, spreads out to the North and South and cools into bands of rain- Air flows to 30 degrees, sinks and wams-Rising air=rain-Sinking air=deserts
The angle/tilt of earth
Gives us seasons
Variation in local conditions
- More rain in S hemisphere becuase there are more oceans and lakes- Costal Mtns: wind picks up moisture over bodies of water- North slopes: less sunlight, more vegetation- South slopes: more sunlight, less vegetation, drier-Lake effect snow-Adiabatic cooling
Less predictable global effects on climate
- El Nino- PDO
Biomes
Defined by temperature and rainfall-Tundra-Boreal Forest-Temperate deciduous woodland -Temperate grassland-Hot desert-Cold desert-Tropical evergreen forest
Tundra
-Low growing plants-Arctic: permafrost-Alpine: no permafrost
Boreal forest
-Long winter, short summer-Long days in summer-Evergreens are favored-Large plants
Temperate deciduous woodland
- More diversity and rainfall than boreal- Where we live- Deciduous trees dominate
Temperate grassland
- Drought in part of the year- Grasses adapted to grazing and fires
Hot desert
- Less precipitation
Cold desert
- Vegetation limited- No permafrost- More precipitation than tundra
Tropical evergreen forest
- Rainforests- Nutrient poor soil - Epiphytes are common (plants that grow by cliinging to other plants)
Niche
The entire range of resources a species needs to survive
Joseph Connell
Barnacles (temporal partitioning)
Robert MacAurthur
Warblers (niche partitioning)
Species interactions
- Competition- Predation-Symbiosis
Competition
When two or more similar organisms need same limited resource (-/-)
Predation
When one species consumes another (+/-)
Symbioses
A long-term interaction of 2 speciesParasitism (+/-)Mutualism (+/+)Commensalism (+,0)Ammensalism (-,0)
Why is competition hard to see?
It often happened in the past
The ghost of competition past
If competition happened in the past, you can study the relationships today
How to study competition
- Experiments (1917 Sir Arthur George Tansley galium experiment)- Comparison of Allopatric and sympatric populations
Exploitation competition
One species lowers the resources of another
Interference Competition
One species prevents the other from gaining access to a resource
Interspecific
Different species
Intraspecific
Within the same species
Sympatric
Species living in close proximity
Allopatric
Species live apart
Temporal partitioning
Organisms born at different times of year will not be in competition
Intraspecific competition can lead to…
less interspecific competition
True predators
Kill immediately, usually consume all of prey
Parasitism
Do not (immediately) kill preyExamples: Giardia, mistletoe