Bio 200 Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Ecology
A
The study of distribution and abundance of organisms
2
Q
How is ecology related to evolution?
A
Ecology causes evolution
3
Q
Abiotic
A
Non-living
4
Q
Biotic
A
Living
5
Q
Three factors that influence the climate
A
1.) Variation in light intensity
2.) The angle/tilt of earth
3.) Variation in local conditions
6
Q
The angle/tilt of earth
A
Gives us seasons
7
Q
Lake effect snow
A
As air cools down faster than lake water, it picks the water vapor up then freezes it and drops snow (once lake is frozen no more LE snow)
8
Q
Adiabatic cooling
A
Caused by increasing elevation (reducing temp through a change in air pressure) (higher you go, colder it gets)
9
Q
Windward side of Mtn
A
Air rises, cools, releases moisture leads to lush vegetation
10
Q
Leeward side of Mtn
A
Air descends, warms, picks up moisture, makes it more desert like
11
Q
Less predictable global effects on climate
A
- El Nino
- PDO
12
Q
El Nino
A
Warming of ocean’s surface to above average temps
13
Q
La Nina
A
Cooling of ocean’s surface to below average temps
14
Q
Hadley Cell
A
Circulations that have air rising at the equator and air sinking at roughly 30° latitude
15
Q
Biomes
A
Defined by temperature and rainfall
16
Q
Hot desert
A
- Less precipitation
17
Q
Cold desert
A
- Vegetation limited
- No permafrost
- More precipitation than tundra
18
Q
Niche
A
The entire range of resources a species needs to survive
19
Q
Joseph Connell
A
Barnacles (temporal partitioning)
20
Q
Robert MacAurthur
A
Warblers (niche partitioning)
21
Q
Species interactions
A
- Competition
- Predation
-Symbiosis
22
Q
Competition
A
When two or more similar organisms need same limited resource (-/-)
23
Q
Predation
A
When one species consumes another (+/-)
24
Q
Symbioses
A
A long-term interaction of 2 species
Parasitism (+/-)
Mutualism (+/+)
Commensalism (+,0)
Ammensalism (-,0)
25
Why is competition hard to see?
It often happened in the past
26
The ghost of competition past
If competition happened in the past, you can study the relationships today
27
How to study competition
- Experiments (1917 Sir Arthur George Tansley galium experiment)
- Comparison of Allopatric and sympatric populations
28
Exploitation competition
One species lowers the resources of another
29
Interference Competition
One species prevents the other from gaining access to a resource
30
Interspecific
Different species
31
Intraspecific
Within the same species
32
Sympatric
Species living in close proximity
33
Allopatric
Species live apart
34
Temporal partitioning
Organisms born at different times of year will not be in competition
35
Intraspecific competition can lead to...
less interspecific competition
36
True predators
Kill immediately, usually consume all of prey
37
Parasitism
Do not (immediately) kill prey
Examples: Giardia, mistletoe
38
Herbivores
Predatory: whole plant consumed
Parasitic: Part of plant consumed
39
Detrivores
Eating things already dead/non-living (does not impact population sizes)
40
Predators lower prey...
abundance
41
Prey can restrict predator distribution
Where prediators limit the range of prey species
Example: megapode
42
Predator/prey cycling
showshoe hare and lynx (more lynx, less hares, next year less lynx, next year more hares, etc.)
43
Methods of predator and prey coexistance
- Refuges
-Cycling
-Predators at low abundance
-Generalist predators
44
Prey defenses
-Crypsis
-Chemical defense
-Armor
-Behavioral defense
-Predator satiation
45
Crypsis
Cryptic coloration: camoflauge
Object mimicry: mimics something not edible
46
Chemical defense
-Toxicity: most synthesize their own poison, nudibranchs steal poison from other organisms
-Aposematic coloring: bright colors to indicate poison
-Batsian mimicry: bright colors, no poison
-Mullerian mimicry: bright colors, poison, also looks like another poison species
example: viceroy and monarch
47
Armor
shells, spikes, etc.
example: armadillos, porcupines clams
48
Behavioral defense
- Alarm calling
- Distraction displays
- Running
- Herds
49
Predator satiation
Timing reproduction so all young are produced in short period of time (higher % of survival)
50
Types of hunting
- Ambush
- Stalking
- Pursuit
51
Coevolution
When a species evolves due to interactions with another species
52
Parasitism (+/-)
- Ectoparasites: outside organism
- Endoparasites: inside organism
*can have complex life cycles*
53
Mutualism (+/+)
"Cleaner" fish and "customer fish"
- Trophic (food/food)
- Defensive (food/defense)
- Dispersive (food/dispersal)
54
Communities are formed from...
groups of species interactions
55
Diversity
The combination of species richness and evenness
56
Species richness
of species present
57
Evenness
relative abundance of species
58
Species richness and area
One area can have more diversity or evenness than the other (even with the same # of species in each area)
59
Niche conservatism
Example: spruces are able to move furrther south in the past, climate changed (warmed)→ spruces rage decreased (went further up the mountains, conserved their niche) (dependent species followed)
60
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
Shift in surface temps in northern pacific (over 20-30 yrs) fluctuate between warm and cool phases (makes predicting climate more difficult)
61
Miller + Urey
Wanted to recreate atomspheric conditions when life began
62
Linnaeus
nomeclature
63
Anaximander
new species come from existing species
64
Hutton
founder of modern geology (earth is older than we think)
65
Smith
Wealth of nations, competition keeps environment healthy
66
Lamark
Giraffes
67
Malthus
Population inc. faster than food supply=competition
68
Cuvier
Catastrophism
69
Lyell
Past is key to present, small changes
70
Alfred Russel Wallace
Darwin partner
71
Mendel
Peas
72
Crick, Watson, Franklin
DNA
73
Grants
Finches
74
Precambrian
longest era
75
Formation of the Sun
Nuclear Fusion
76
Darwin's big idea
evolution and natural selection
77
Megatherium
Giant sloth
78
Morganucodon Watsoni
Ancient Platypus
79
Glyptodon
Ancient Armadillo
80
True breeding
all offspring have same traits as parents
81
Non-true breeding
some offspring don't look like parents
82
Genotype
genetic makeup
83
Phenotype
traits
84
Karyotype
an individual's complete set of chromosomes
85
Cross fertilization
using pollen to breed different plants
86
Self cross
pollenation within same flower/plant
87
Sex Chromosomes
Female: XX
Male: XY
88
Nucleotides
form the basic structure of DNA
89
Trisomy
gamete has extra chromosome
89
Genetic drift
random changes in allele frequency in small populations
89
Allele Frequency
of times an allele occurs in a population
89
Monosomy
Gamete has one less chromosome
90
Fitness
Ability to survive and reproduce
90
Prezygotic isolation
before fertilization
90
Geological isolation
animals separated by georgraphic barriers and can't reproduce
90
Temporal Isolation
Species reproduce at different times of year or day/night
90
Behavioral Isolation
species are not attracted to another species mating call/display
90
Mechanical Isolation
Physical difference in sex organs
90
Gametic isolation
Sperm of one species can not fertilize another
90
Postzygotic Isolation
after fertilization
90
Dispersal isolation
small group separated and can not mate with og population (founder effect)
90
Missing link isolation
a chain of populations too far away from each other, can't mix
90
Allopatric
evolve into separate species becuase geographically separated
91
Sympatric
evolve into separate species but no geographical separation
92
Viral Replication
1.) virus enters the cell
2.) Substances in the cell begin to strip off the virus’s outer coat of protein
3.) Nucleic acid in the center of the virus is released
4.) Nucleic acid gets into the cell’s chemical manufacturing system
5.) The cell “ignores” its own chemical needs and switches to making new viruses
6.) The cell is sometimes destroyed in the process. Many of the new viruses are released to infect other cells.
93
Why do some scientists argue viruses are non-living?
Outside of a host cell, viruses do not use any energy. They only become active when they come into contact with a host cell.
94
Aerobes
need O2
95
Anaerobes
poisoned by O2
96
Autotroph
self feeder
97
Obligate
can either use O2 or not (no sometimes)
98
Facultative
can switch between O2 and no O2
99
Aetolerant
Can't use O2 but not poisoned by it
100
Photoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs= Chlorophyll = pigment to gain energy, Water = electron donor, CO2 = carbon source, Makes sugars and releases oxygen
101
Chemoautotrophs
Chemical bonds = energy source, CO2= carbon source, Makes sugars (sea floor, hydrothermal vents)
102
Photoheterotrophs
Bacteriochlorophyll = pigment to gain energy, H2S= electron donor, Carbon source = other organisms, Makes elemental sulfur
103
Metagenomics
the study of the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from all the organisms (typically microbes) in a bulk sample.
104
What is the abominable mystery?
the rapid diversification of flowering plants (darwin)
105
More related to animals than plants
Fungi
106
Fungal Traits
Flagellum, absorbative heterotrophy, chitin in cell walls
107
Hyphae
branching filaments that make up mycellium
108
Septa
internal wall divisions in hyphae
109
Coenocitic Fungi
no septa
110
Coelom
Body cavity: influences movement (between meso and endo)
111
Exoskeletons in arthropods
Contain Chitin
112
Amniotes
tetrapod vertebrate animals (reptiles, birds, mammals)
113
Krakatau
Some of the worst volcanic eruptions in modern history, nearly all specs disappear, takes many many years for specs to come back
114
Equilibrium species number/S*
When you put graphs together you find equilibrium species # (S*)
115
Charismatic megafauna
Large specialized animals that people care more about
116
