Che 5-8 (midterm 2)

Question 1

explain dynamic systems theory

Answer 1

children need to be motivated by something in their environment to use perceptions to fine tune their movements

Question 2

What are the 4 primitive reflexes, explain

Answer 2

rooting reflex- automatically turn the face toward the stimulus and make sucking (rooting) motions with the mouth when the cheek or lip is touched. The rooting reflex helps to ensure successful breastfeeding.

sucking reflex- It causes the child to instinctively suck anything that touches the roof of their mouth, and simulates the way a child naturally eats.

moro reflex- It is a response to a sudden loss of support and involves three distinct components: spreading out the arms (abduction) pulling the arms in (adduction) crying (usually)

grasping reflex- When an object is placed in an infant’s hand and the palm of the child is stroked, the fingers will close reflexively, as the object is grasped via palmar grasp.

Question 3

when do external motivators in development become internal?

Answer 3

@ 3 yrs old children don’t look like their trying hard anymore and are now motivated by internal factors like the fact it feels good

Question 4

why do fine motor skills improve in middle/late childhood?

Answer 4

increased myelination in central nervous system is reflected in improvement of fine motor skills.

Question 5

explain visual perception in infancy

Answer 5

newborns can’t focus on near objects, by 3mo infants can match faces to voices, distinguish between genders and differing ethnic groups from their own by 4mo infants have colour preference and between 3-4mo depth perception is apparent

Question 6

explain perceptual constancy and the 2 types

Answer 6

sensory stimulation is changing, but perception of the physical world remains constant, Allows infant to perceive world as stable.

Size constancy- recognition that an object remains the same size even though retinal image of object changes

shape constancy- recognition that an object remains the same shape even though it’s orientation to us changes

Question 7

define intermodel perception

Answer 7

integrating information from 2 or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing babies are born with some ability to perceive relations among sensory modalities but it improves with experience

Question 8

3 types of intermodel integration

Answer 8

visual kinaesthetic- observed @ 2 weeks and improves till age 11, can visually recognize objects felt or sucked while blindfolded

visual auditory- at birth newborns can move eyes in direction of sound

auditory kinesthetic- children can find item by feel when told to find specific object

Question 9

explain page’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 9

piaget said we build mental structures that help us adapt to the world just like physical structures.
children actively construct their own worlds
piaget believed children have 2 schema’s:
behavioural and mental
2 processes responsible for how children use schema’s:
assimilation & accomodation
children make sense of the world by organizing their experiences, when conflict occurs in this its called disequilibrium

Question 10

explain A not B error

Answer 10

coordination of secondary circular reactions- looking for hidden objects in familiar rather than new location. Mistake made by infants selecting old location rather than new hiding place

Question 11

explain 3 mountain task

Answer 11

task developed by Piaget to test egocentrism, a good indicator if child is in pre operational or concrete operational stage, piaget said not supposed to correct them if they get conservation wrong

Question 12

What are the criticisms of piaget?

Answer 12

competence at different stages
culture not taken into consideration
some operational concepts appear earlier than piaget thought
educations stronger correlation than piaget thought

Question 13

describe pascal leone’s theory (neopiagetian)

Answer 13

increases info processing capacity leads to cognitive development
info processing capacity consists of 2 components (mental power)- working memory and (mental concepts)- concepts about the biological/social operations preformed

Question 14

describe robbie case theory (neopiagetian)

Answer 14

looking @ structural- what happens in the brain
what do we pay attention to/what strategies do we use
moves away from cognition to demonstrating cognition
different stages—
Sensorimotor 1-18mo
interrelation 5 yrs
dimensional structures 11yrs
sectoral 19yrs

Question 15

explain vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

Answer 15

too complex for kids to do on their own, but can do with help of person skilled in that area

Question 16

explain scaffolding (vygotsky)

Answer 16

change amount of guidance needed to do the task, will change as new skills are learned

Question 17

what did vygotsky think was the most important tool in learning

Answer 17

private speech- inner voice inside head (hockey example) children must be able to use language before they have internal speech (occurs 3-7 yrs)

Question 18

what type of approach is vygotsky’s theory?

Answer 18

social constructivist approach

Question 19

criticisms of vygotsky

Answer 19

not specific enough in related changes
over emphasized role of language
emphasis on collaboration

Question 20

explain information processing approach

Answer 20

development comes from ability to overcome processing limitations
analyzes how children manipulate info, monitor it and create strategies with it