CHD

Question 0

AV septal defects

Answer 0

Down syndrome

Question 1

Factors affecting cardiac/great vessel development

Answer 1

• Teratogens ( retinoic acid, toxic agents , infections)
• Alteration in blood flow
• Chromosomal abnormalities

Question 2

• Conotruncal

- Aortic arch defects

Answer 2

Microdeletion in 22q11

Question 3

Weaker lower extremity pulses

Answer 3

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 4

• Hallmark of congestive heart failure in children

- More common than rales, peripheral edema

Answer 4

Hepatic enlargement

Question 5

Types of atrial septal defect

Answer 5

Sinus venosus, ostium secondum, ostium primum

Question 6

Hemodynamic consequence

Answer 6

• Increased pulmonary blood flow
• Left-to-right shunting
• RV overload = RV dilatation
• Slow development of physiologic changes

Question 7

Most common form of anomaly

Answer 7

Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Question 8

Obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Pressure overload of left ventricle. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Poor peripheral

Answer 8

Aorta Stenosis

Question 9

Hole between the LVs and RVs

Answer 9

Ventricular septal defect

Question 10

Left ventricular volume overload. Increased LA and PA pressures. Right ventricular strain

Answer 10

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 11

2nd most common CHD
1 in every 2000 births
Females 2:1 ratio
More common in premature infants

Answer 11

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 12

Dilates ductus

Answer 12

Prostaglandin E

Question 13

Luminal narrowing in the aorta that causes an obstruction to blood flow

Answer 13

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 14

2 types aortic coarctation

Answer 14

Pre-ductal ( infantile type )

Post-ductal( adult )

Question 15

Pulmonary veins drain into the right side of heart

Answer 15

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Question 16

Overrides the ventricular septum

Answer 16

Truncus arteriosus

Question 17

Blood from left atrium cannot go beyond mitral valve and is shunted into RA/RV

Answer 17

Hypoplastic left-heart syndrome

Question 18

Most common congenital defect that causes cyanosis and congestive heart failure in the newborn period

Answer 18

Transposition of the great arteries

Question 19

2 D Echo needed to establish the diagnosis

Answer 19

Double-outlet right ventricle

Question 20

4 features of the tetralogy

Answer 20

• VSD ( perimembranous type )
• Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
• Dextroposition/overriding of the aorta
• Right ventricular hypertrophy