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Sociology 101 Flash Cards > Chater 1: Introduction to Sociology > Flashcards

Chater 1: Introduction to Sociology Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociologists observe_____

A

Social patterns.

- Personal experiences are affected by social class, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation etc.

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2
Q

Define Sociology

A

Social science that studies the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

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3
Q

What distinguishes sociology from other disciplines? (3 ways)

A
  1. Concerned with society.
  2. Examines different kinds of societies as totalities.
  3. Explanation, analysis and debate about contemporary or “modern” life.
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4
Q

What does Sociology emphasize?

A

The development, structure, and functioning of human society, especially as seen in group interaction, social relations, social institutions, and social structures.

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5
Q

Why study Sociology?

A

Helps you obtain a greater understanding of yourself, the world, and others.

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6
Q

In 1959 who coined the term: Sociological Imagination?

A

C. Wright Mills.

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7
Q

What is the Sociological Imagination?

A

Connection between how society works and how it affects our personal lives.
(The idea that larger social issues and history shape the context within our own troubles arise.)

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8
Q

Consequences of LACK of sociological imagination

A

Giroux argued that social issues can become viewed as private problems disconnected from larger forces.

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9
Q

Who advocated for the consequences of LACK of sociological imagination?

A

Henry Giroux.

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10
Q

What were the consequences Henry Giroux believed would happen with the lack of sociological imagination? (4 things)

A
  • Suffering of individuals becomes personalized
  • Apathy
  • Sense of failure
  • Loss of language to express concerns
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11
Q

Define social location

A

Unique vantage point influenced by the important social characteristics of an individual, including class, “race”, age, gender, sexual orientation, and degree of ability, that inform the individual’s perspective and shape his/her experience.

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12
Q

Define intersectionality.

A

The way different social factors combine to shape a negative experience of minoritized group.
(The greater number of social locations you have, the greater the degree of discrimination you are likely to experience.)

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13
Q

Define disproportionate representation.

A

A situation that occurs when an atypically high or low number of a particular social group is associated with a specific situation.

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14
Q

Finish the sentence: The earliest person whose recorded writings that reflect a true sociological imagination is Chinese philosopher ___

A

Confucius

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15
Q

What did Confucius believe in?

A

Role modeling in leadership.

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16
Q

Finish the sentence: ____ was the first person to carry out a systematic approach to studying societies.

A

Ibn Khaldun

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17
Q

Who wrote the book “Al Muqqaddimah” (An Introduction to History” ?

A

Ibn Khaldun

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18
Q

Sociology became an area of academic interest in 19th century Europe, specifically in which 3 countries?

A

France, Germany, and Britain.

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19
Q

Who was the concerned economists that wondered whether Europe’s cities could cope with a tremendous population growth developed as a response to dramatic social changes in the 19th Century?

A

Thomas Malthus.

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20
Q

Who believed sociology could discover Laws of human social behaviour and help solve social problems?

A

Auguste Comte

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21
Q

Who coined the term “sociology” in 1839?

A

Auguste Comte

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22
Q

Who described a way of doing science as positivism?

A

August Comte

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23
Q

What is Positivism?

A

The basis of all natural science. Based on experiment, quantitative measurement and systematic observation- based on sensory experience.

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24
Q

Who was Harriet Martineau?

A

She was the first woman sociologist. She called for the Equality of women/ women’s rights movement.

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25
Q

Who translated Auguste Comte’s work?

A

Harriet Martineau

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26
Q

Who was the social evolutionist that sought to apply Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human societies?

A

Herbert Spencer

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27
Q

What term to Herbert Spencer coin?

A

“survival of the fittest”

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28
Q

His key work was “ The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”

A

Max Weber

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29
Q

Who described how Protestantism and the religion’s values towards hard work, accumulation of capital, and frugality led to the development of modern capitalism

A

Max Weber

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30
Q

He was interested in the impacts of Capitalism: Economy, Rationalization, and Bureaucracy

A

Max Weber

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31
Q

Who were The BIG 3 Sociologists?

A
  • Max Weber
  • Emile Durkheim
  • Karl Marx
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32
Q

What are the approaches to Sociology?

A
  • Structural Functionalism
  • Conflict Theory
  • Symbolic Interactionism
  • Feminist Theory
  • Postmodern Theory
  • Queer Theory
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33
Q

Elements of ___ and ___ play a central role in the creation, maintenance, and social response to social problems.

A

Social Structure and Culture

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34
Q

What is Social Structure?

A

The way society is organized into different parts/ Elements.

-It can help us understand social issues.

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35
Q

There are 2 dimensions to Structural Functionalism, what are they?

A

Structures and functions.

36
Q

What does functionalism focus on?

A

How social systems, in their entirely, operate and produce consequences.

37
Q

The work of Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton, and Talcott Parson represents what approach?

A

Functionalist

38
Q

What approach uses an organic or biological, analogy for society?

A

Structural Functionalism

39
Q

What are social facts, and who described it?

A

Social facts are patterned ways of thinking, acting, and feeling that exist outside of any one individual, but exerts social control of all people. Emile Durkheim described it.

40
Q

Concept: Social facts

A
  • Value cultural norms, and social structures which transcend the individual and influence what we do.
  • They are measurable- have an objective nature ( gender, sexual orientation, “race”, ethnicity, gender, age.
41
Q

3 Characteristics of every social fact:

A
  1. It was developed prior to and separate from you as an individual.
  2. It can be seen as a characteristic of a certain group
  3. It involves a constraining or coercing force that pushes individuals into acting in a particular way.
42
Q

Who identified manifest functions, latent functions, and latent dysfunctions

A

Robert Merton

43
Q

What are manifest functions?

A

Both intended and readily recognized. (easily seen)

44
Q

What are latent functions?

A

Largely unintended and unrecognized

45
Q

What latent DYSFUNCTIONS?

A

Unintended and produce negative consequences.

46
Q

The conflict theory is based on 4 “Cs” , what are they?

A
  1. Conflict
  2. Class
  3. Contestation
  4. Change
47
Q

For this German economist and political philosopher, conflict was about class.

A

Karl Marx

48
Q

Define Symbolic Interactionism

A

An approach that looks at the meaning (or symbolism) of our daily social interactions of individuals.

49
Q

Finish the sentence: The symbolic interactionist method was pioneered by American Social Psychologist ____

A

George H. Mead

50
Q

Who coined the term “symbolic interaction”?

A

Herbert Blumer

51
Q

What did Herbert Blumer believe?

A

He believed social systems were simply by-products of our personal dealings with one another.

52
Q

What is Dramaturgical Analysis?

A

The idea that people’s day-to-day lives can be understood as resembling performers in action on a theater stage.

53
Q

Who introduced the dramaturgical analysis?

A

Erving Goffman

54
Q

How does Erving Goffman describe impression management?

A

The ways in which people conduct themselves in specific roles and social institutions

55
Q

Who coined the term: Total Institution?

A

Erving Goffman

56
Q

Define Total Institution

A

Institutions such as the military, hospitals, and asylums that regulate all aspects of individual’s life.

57
Q

What does the Feminist Theory address?

A

Issues of systematic discrimination against women

58
Q

The Feminist Theory is rooted in Perspective?

A

Conflict Perspective

59
Q

How many waves of the feminist theory are there?

A

3

60
Q

What was the first wave of the feminist theory about?

A

Campaigning for civil and political rights of women.

61
Q

What did the 2nd wave of Feminist theory focus on?

A

Focused on public and private rights: for equality in the home and workplace.

62
Q

The 3rd wave of the feminist theory focused on what?

A

Inclusion of LGBTQ and racialize individuals.

63
Q

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?

A

Arguably one of western Europe’s first feminist analysts.

64
Q

She developed the Standpoint Theory

A

Dorothy Smith

65
Q

Define the Standpoint Theory

A

The view that knowledge is developed from a particular lived position, or “standpoint”, making objectivity impossible.

-‘Fact’ was assumed to be objectively determined

66
Q

Who was the lead figure of the Postmodern Theory?

A

Michel Foucault

67
Q

Postmodern Theory is rooted in which perspective?

A

Conflict Perspective

68
Q

This theory seeks to include a diversity of voices, especially those drowned out by powerful voices of dominant groups.

A

Postmodern Theory

69
Q

Postmodern Theory: What are discourses?

A

Distinct ways of speaking about and presenting some element of reality.

70
Q

Postmodern theory: What is the meaning of Totalitarian?

A

Describes a set of beliefs or ideas that dominates all others.

71
Q

Postmodern Theory: What is the meaning of Totalitarian Discourse

A

Refers to any universal claim about how knowledge/understanding is achieved.

72
Q

Who studied the production of knowledge, and believed knowledge is socially constructed?

A

Michel Foucault

73
Q

What was the issue regarding Totalizing discourse according to Michel Foucault?

A

Theres a universal, narrow, dominant claim about how knowledge/ understanding is achieved. The only way to challenge it is through an Archaeology of Knowledge.

74
Q

What is an Archaeology of Knowledge?

A

Examine how discourses develop and truths are distorted over time.

75
Q

Define Macro-sociology

A

Involved an examination of society as a whole and its institutions.

76
Q

Define Micro-sociology

A

Focuses on the examination of an individual or small group.

77
Q

What is Professional Sociology?

A

Professional sociology is highly specific, with an aim of applying it to a particular problem or intellectual questions.

78
Q

What is Critical Sociology?

A

It is considered to be the “conscience of professional sociology”
- Brings about social change.

79
Q

What is Policy Sociology?

A

Generates sociological data to be used in the development of social policies in governments or corporations

80
Q

What is Public Sociology?

A

Making sociology accessible to the general public

81
Q

What are the 4 key distinctions of Canadian Sociology?

A
  1. French/English relationships
  2. Development of Canadian West
  3. Class-Ethnicity
  4. Social-Anthropology
82
Q

Who founded the sociology department at McGill and wrote the first Canadian sociology textbook?

A

Carl Addington Dawson

83
Q

Who examined the roots of Canadian Culture, and is known as the father of the Canadian approach to sociology?

A

S.D Clark

84
Q

He examined Canada’s multiculturalism as the vertical mosaic in 1965.

A

John Porter

85
Q

What did Horace Miner do?

A

Showed the blurred distinction between sociology and anthropology in Canada

86
Q

What is the Staples Thesis and who created it?

A

Harold Innis created it and it explains Canadian development.

Sociology 101 Flash Cards (6 decks)

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