Chapter 4: Socialization Flashcards
Socialization
A learning process that involves development or changes in individual’s sense of self.
Primary socialization
The socialization that occurs during your childhood.
Secondary Socialization
The socialization that occurs later in life.
Who created the term Habitus
Pierre Bourdieu
What is habitus?
Our often unconscious bodily knowledge and dispositions/habits.
He viewed socialization as an end result of internalization of norms and values in society.
Talcott Parsons
Internalization
Taking social norms, roles, and values into one’s own mind.
Who is Genie Wiley?
A young girl who did not have social experiences. Her father locked her in a shed for majority of her life, causing her to miss ‘critical periods’ in social and language development.
He argued the importance of Agency
Dennis Wrong
Dennis Wrong argued that ______ is actually an “over-socialized” conception of human beings.
Internalization
He believed that via internalization, society is thus a primary factor responsible for how individuals learned to think and behave.
Talcott Parsons
Biological Determinism
The greater part of who we are is determined by our genes.
Who was behind the idea of Negative Eugenics and what is it?
Hubert Spencer, Negative Eugenics is the idea of reducing the reproduction of people with less-desired and undesired traits.
Behaviourism
Strong cultural determinist position. Any behaviour can be learned or taught (and modified)
Law of Effect what made by ____ ____
Edward Thorndike
What is the Law of Effect?
Much of who we are is a consequence of how previous behaviour was reinforced.
Behaviour Modification
Attempting to change someone’s behaviour using the Law of Effect approach
Who was behind the Theory of Personality?
Sigmund Freud
Theory of Personality
Freud believed that socialization is a balance of biological and socio-cultural
How many parts did Sigmund Freud believe the mind had?
3
What were the three parts of the mind?
- Id: unconscious instinctive drives (Life and Death)
- Superego: Our conscience/morality (Internalization of socializing agents)
- Ego: Mediate between conscious and unconscious
Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s belief that the mind has 3 parts: Id, Superego, and Ego.
Agents of Socialization
Groups that have a significant impact on an individual’s socialization.
He developed a 2 fold categorization for agents of socialization
George H. Mead
What were the 2 categories for agents of socialization?
- Significant Others
2. Generalized Others
Significant others
Individuals, primary family and friends, Intimate model.
Generalized Others
The attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of that society.
Mead’s Development of Self (3 stages)
- Preparatory Stage
- Play Stage
- Game stage
Mead’s Development of Self: Preparatory Stage
Pure imitation of significant others
Mead’s Development of Self: Play Stage
Pretend play, engages in role taking of significant others
Mead’s Development of Self: Game Stage
Able to perceive and interpret several roles of others
This man’s development of self is called the Looking Glass Self
Charles Cooley
What was the The development of self: The Looking Glass Self
Our Concept of ourselves is influenced by our perception of how others respond to us.
(Explains how the self develops, how we act and react to others)
3 Components of Looking Glass self
- How you imagine you appear to others
- How you imagine those others judge you appearance
- How you feel as a result.
Family
First agent of socialization and the most powerful
Peer Groups
Share key social characteristics like age, social positions and common interests.
Peer pressure
Social force exerted by and individual by their peers to conform to a certain behaviour.
What is a Community and Neighbourhood
Can be an important agent of socialization on a child.
Broad Socialization
Individualism and independence is promoted, and there is relatively less restrictiveness on the various dimensions of socialization. Contributes to risk behaviour
Narrow Socialization
Consider, obedience and conformity to the standards of expectations of the community. Punish any deviation from the norm
Longitudinal Studies
Examines data gathered on research over an extended period of time.
Mass Media: He conducted a longitudinal study on the effects of t.v violence on children
Rowell Huesmann
Mass Media: Huesmann proposed 2 theories to explain the data, what were they?
- Observational learning theory- children acquire aggressive scripts for solving problems
- Desensitization Theory- Increased exposure to T.V violence numbs/ desensitizes the natural negative reaction to violence.
Popular Media: He believed that T.V violence has been misinterpreted and has no effect
Jib Fowles
____ are often a first source of information that children receive about groups other than their own.
Schools
Klopfenstein’s research
Believed that the social location of teachers impact the quality of students work.
Who created the Hurried Child Syndrome and what is it.?
David Elkind and it is when kids with adult levels of stress and guilt.
Resocialization
The process of unlearning old ways and learning new ways.
Voluntary Resocialization
When someone starts school, changes schools a new job, retires and religious conversion.
Involuntary Resocialization
When someone is forced to change (Total Institution)
Degradation Ceremony
A kind of rite of passage when a person is stripped of their individuality.
Rite of Passage
A ritual or ceremony signalling a change of status.
