chartissum, factory conditions and ww1 Flashcards
how long did factory workers work ?
12-15 hours a day
how were factory workers punished ?
hung from hands above machinery, beaten shirtless by spinners , weights screwed in ears and 14kg weights were hung down backs
how did factories affect peoples health?
dust from factory got in peoples lungs making it hard to work and peoples bones came out of place from pulling things
how did working in a factory effect peoples health later on?
children’s growth and development was stunted, their limbs were deformed, their leaning was slow and they were injured
what accidents happened in the factory?
children often admitted to infirmary, hands and arms were caught in machinery, muscles and skin stripped down to bone and finger or 2 is lost
how young were some children?
6-14
did everyone think that the factory conditions were bad?
no as new reporters lied about conditions to appeal to new jobs in mill and factory owners said that the conditions were fine to employ more instead of saying how bad they were to scare away job opportunities
did all factory workers dislike the conditions?
William Dodd writes about how good the factory conditions were “healthy workers and doctors on site” this could be general or forced by factory owner
what started in 1836?
a group of men set up the London working mens association (LWMA)
who was the associates secretary?
william lovett
who were other leaders of the LWMA?
Francis place and Henry Hetherington
when did chartism as the movement became know?
became know after the charter it drew up in 1838 not only based in London but attracted support across from Britain. chartists groups were all over the country
what did one group do?
a group led by Feargus O’connor set up a newspaper, the norther star
what was the peoples charter?
in 1838 LWMAs drew up list of demands known as peoples charter
what was in the peoples charter?
a vote for every man 21 years of age and over the secret ballot no property qualification for MPs payment for MPs equal constituncies annual parliaments
what happened to the chartist leaders ?
they had different ideas about what should happen next
what did william lovett supporters believe?
that the persuasion or moral force should be used to get parliament to accept the charter
what did Feargus O’connor supporters believe?
believed violence or physical force should be used
what happened may 1839?
chartists presented a petition to parliament supporting charter more than 1.25 million signatures
what happened july 1839?
charter rejected by parliament by 253 to 46
what followed the rejection of the charter?
outbreaks of violence
what was the most serious outbreak of violence ?
newport, south wales
4th november 1839
after arrest of chartist leader Henry Vincent chartists marched onto hotel where believed he was being held , met by special constables and soldiers
shots fired and many killed
what happened after the serious outbreak?
over next few days 90 chartists were arrested, 8 sentenced to death (later reduced to transportation to Australia )
what did the newport rising show the government ?and how did they react?
it was a revolutionary movement and so they arrested leading chartists around country
what did william and feargus get?
an 18 month prison sentence
what happened after 1839?
chartists lost support
when was the slump in trade?
1842
what did a slump in trade lead to?
unemployment, poverty and hunger in many industrial areas
what did feargus set up?
the national charter association to organise 2nd petition
how many signed the 2nd petition?
3 million
what happened to the second petition?
thousands of people marched to parliament to hand petition over needed 50 men to hand it in the house of commons
what happened in may 1842?
parliament once again rejected it by 287 votes to 49
what happened after 1842?
support for chartism declined as economic conditions improved
when did the support for chartism begin to rise a 3rd time/
in 1847
why did support rise in 1847?
unemployment was high, poor harvests led to a rise in food prices , outbreaks of cholera and smallpox
who was the 3rd petition organised by?
feargus o’connor collect 6 million signatures for the 3rd petition
what was organised on kennington common?
o’connor planed a mass meeting of 1/2 million people on 10th april 1848 followed by march to parliament
what did the government do in 10th april 1848 ?
expecting trouble and over 80,000 special constables were put on standby
what happened on 10/4/1848?
only 20,000 charitists turned up, when petition inspected only had 1.9 signatures, parliament rejected charter by 222votes to 17
what was important in 1900?
a large empire was important not only for trade but also prestige
who had large empires in 1800?
britain and france and they continued to grow
what happened in the 1870s ?
Germany and italy both became united countries for 1st time they wanted overseas empire
what happened in the years up to 1900?
competition between european empires grew more intense and scramble for territory, especially in africa
what was happening by 1914?
large parts of the world were controlled by various european powers and competition for colonies caused several disputes
what happened 1906-1911?
Germany and France quarrelled about morocco none of disputed led to war
what was Germany keen on?
keen on becoming imperial power (country who’s power was based upon empire) to do this it was building up its navy rapidly
what were britons and germany’s navies like?
Britains navy by far largest in world had to be to protect british empire, britian worried about size of german navy
britian determined their navy remain largest
what happened between britain and germany?
a race to build new battleships
what happened in 1906?
britain launched HMS dreadnaught, new type of battleship which was stronger and faster than any other ship, germany build more soon
what formed in 1907?
europe was divided into 2 armed camps or alliances, suspicions grew between the 2 alliances
what was the triple alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy
what was the triple entente?
britian, france and russia
what happened in 1905?
germans were certain they were being surrounded ready for an attack (by russia and france) they drew up the schlieffen plan
what was the schlieffen plan?
attack to defeat france quickly, by going through neutral belgium, avoiding frances defences then turn and fight the russians who germans believed would take time getting their army ready to fight
what happened 28 June 1914?
archduke franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne, was visting sarajevo in Bosnia. as archdukes car rove long riverside in sarajevo, archduke and wife were shot dead by serb in crowd
what did the austrian empire want?
many of the austrian empire were serbs who wanted bosnia to leave the austrian empire and join with neighbouring serbia which ruled itself
what happened 28 july?
austria blamed the assassination on the serbian government and used it as an excuse to attack serbia
what happened29th july?
russia promised to protect serbia against any austrian attack and began to prepare it’s army
what happened 1st august?
germany heard about russian preparations and declared war on russia
what happened 2nd august?
britain mobilised fleets and warships
what happened 3rd august?
germany declared war on france. either because germany was worried about french attack or because schlieffen plan said france had to be attacked before russia
what happened 4th august?
german soldiers marched into belgium , britain and belgium declared war on germany
what happened 6th august?
austria declared war on russia
what happened 12th august?
britain and furnace declared war on austria
what are the 4 points of the essay?
environment , beating and punishment of children, injuries from hazardous conditions and conclusion
what is point 1 of environment ?
environment was often dusty, oily, greasy, filled with fumes, cotton dust, humid, damp and hot to stop cotton fibres from breaking
what is point 2 of environment ?
many people had respiratory problems such as chocking and sick in the damp and got even more exhausted from the heat
what is point 3 of environment ?
1832-elizabeth Bentley factory worker “did the card room affect your health ? yes. it was so dusty. the dust got in my lungs and the work was so bad. i got so bad in health”
what is point 4 of environment ?
made to work very long shifts such as 13 hours a day
what is point 5 of environment ?
letter written by richard oaster to leeds mercury “thousands of little children from 7-14 are daily forced to work from 6-7 with only 30mins for recreation”
what is point 1 of punishment?
children (6) worked in factories to make extra money for poor families and to put something to name
what is point 2 of punishment?
children beaten by strappers if strappers felt were’t working hard enough or being nuisance
what is point 3 of punishment ?
autobiography by robert blincoe an orphan factory worker “another time 3 or 4 of us were made to hang from our hands above the machinery. sometimes we had to stand up in a skip without our shirts on and were beaten with straps” this shows were injured and affected growth e.g. grow up hunched
what is point 4 of punishment?
beatings affected prerfomance in work and make them work less efficiently giving more chance of being beaten. could be fired from not working well due to injury and wouldn’t be employed else where due to injury
what is point 1 of hazardous conditions?
observations of dr michel ward in 1819 “have you observed that children in factories have particular accidents?accidents are often admitted to infirmary, through the children arms and hands have been caught in the machinery. in many instances muscles and skin is stripped down to bone. in some instances a finger or 2 was lost “
what is point 2 of hazardous conditions?
no safety and owners did’t care about welding of workers
what is point 3 of hazardous conditions?
children growing up with no arms or hands could affect further jobs
what is point 4 of hazardous conditions?
injuries mean they have a jobless future with no money on the streets
what is point 5 of hazardous conditions?
grow up deformed and shortened lives due to injuries
