Characteristics, variety, level of organisation and cell structure in living organisms

Question 1

Characteristics of living organisms

Answer 1

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
+ Control (of internal conditions)

Question 2

Plant features and cell structure

Answer 2

Plants: Multicellular, cells contain chloroplasts so can photosynthesize; cellulose cell walls, store carbohydrates as starch/sucrose
Cell structure: Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, ribosomes
Eukaryotic

Question 3

Animal features and cell structure

Answer 3

Animals: Multicellular, no chloroplasts so cannot photosynthesize; no cell walls; usually have nervous coordination, store carbohydrate as glycogen, able to move from place to place
Cell structure: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Eukaryotic

Question 4

Fungi features and cell structure

Answer 4

Fungi: Some multi, some unicellular. Cannot photosynthesize, body usually organised into a mycelium made from hyphae(thread like structures) that contain many nuclei; chitin cell walls, feed by secreting extracellular digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products (saprotrophic nutrition); some may store carbohydrates as glycogen
Cell structure: Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Eukaryotic

Question 5

Protoctist features and cell structure

Answer 5

Protoctists: Microscopic unicellular organisms; different features resembling different types of organisms, some animal some plant
Cell structure: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, some (food vacuoles, chloroplasts), contractile vacuole
Eukaryotic

Question 6

Bacteria features and cell structure

Answer 6

Bacteria: Microscopic unicellular organisms; contain plasmids(small circular loops of DNA that contain genes, lack of nucleus but a circular chromosome of DNA; some can photosynthesize but most feed off other living or dead organisms
Cell structure: Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, circular loop of DNA, ribosomes, plasmids

Question 7

Pathogen definition:

Answer 7

Any microorganism that causes disease in another organism
They include: Bacteria, Fungi, Protoctists, Viruses - all viruses are pathogenic

Question 8

Virus features and cell structure

Answer 8

Viruses: Not living organisms; small particles smaller than bacteria; parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells; they infect every type of living organism. Wide variety of shapes and sizes; no cellular structure but have a protein coat and DNA or RNA

Question 9

Level of organization in organisms, starting from organelles

Answer 9

organelles - A component within a cell that carries out a specific task
cells - Basic functional and structural units in a living organism
tissues - A group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function
organs - A group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function
organ systems - A group of different organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions within the organism

Question 10

Nucleus function

Answer 10

Contains genetic material in chromosomes (DNA)
Controls cell division

Question 11

Cytoplasm function

Answer 11

Supports cell structures
Site of many chemical reactions
Contains water and many solutes

Question 12

Cell membrane function

Answer 12

Holds the cell together
Controls substances entering and leaving the cell

Question 13

Cell wall function

Answer 13

Gives the cell extra support and defines it shape

Question 14

Chloroplast function

Answer 14

Site of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy for the reaction to occur

Question 15

Vacuole function

Answer 15

Contains cell sap
Used for storage of certain material
Also helps support shape of cell

Question 16

Mitochondria function

Answer 16

Site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for cell

Question 17

Ribosome function

Answer 17

Site of protein production in protein synthesis

Question 18

Differences between animal cell and plant cell

Answer 18

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole while animals do not

Question 19

Bacterial cell structure

Answer 19

Cell membrane
Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
Circular loop of DNA
Plasmids
Ribosomes

Question 20

Virus structure

Answer 20

DNA/RNA
Envelope
Protein coat
(they are very small)