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Intro to Speech Science > Characteristics of Sound > Flashcards

Characteristics of Sound Flashcards

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1
Q

acoustics of sound

A

physical attributes of sound

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2
Q

psychoacoustics of sound

A

what we perceive as sound, perceptual attributes

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3
Q

frequency (Hz)

A

number of cycles of vibration per second

higher frequency, higher pitch

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4
Q

period (t, sec)

A

how long air molecules vibrate-the time required for each vibration cycle to occur

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5
Q

amplitude/intensity

A

how big are pressure changes

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6
Q

wavelength

A

how far waves travel

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7
Q

pitch

A

how high/low on musical scale

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8
Q

loudness

A

volume

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9
Q

quality

A

tone of sound-noise vs tone

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10
Q

waveform

A

graph that shows time on horizontal axis and amplitude on vertical, used to show pressure changes over time

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11
Q

what is the human range of hearing?

A

20 Hz- 20,000 Hz, but we hear best at 1,000 Hz- 4,000 HZ

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12
Q

Subsonic

A

below human hearing range

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13
Q

supersonic

A

above human hearing range

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14
Q

describe the relationship between frequency and period

A

there is a reciprocal relationship between frequency and period

if t=.05 sec
then F= 20 Hz

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15
Q

periodic waves

A

every cycle lasts the same amount of time, can be assigned a pitch on a musical scale

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16
Q

aperiodic waves

A

cycles last different amounts of time, cannot be assigned a pitch

ex) fricatives and stops, white noise, noise, voiceless sounds

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17
Q

velocity of sound

A

how fast sound travels in a specific direction

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18
Q

what is the speed of sound in air?

A

34,000 cm/sec or 700 mph

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19
Q

velocity increases when the temperature is…

A

warmer

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20
Q

velocity increases in which materials…

A

water and dense materials

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21
Q

what is wavelength?

A

the distance covered by one complete cycle of pressure change (measured in meters/centimeters)

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22
Q

How are frequency, period, and wavelength related?

A

higher frequency> smaller period> shorter wavelength

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23
Q

what is an incident wave?

A

the wave generated when an object vibrates

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24
Q

depending on the boundary of the wave, it may be..

A

transmitted, absorbed, or reflected

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25
Q

surfaces that cause reflection

A

hard, smooth, regular surfaces

for example, an echo!

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26
Q

surfaces that cause absorption…

A

soft, irregular, porrous

this will damp sound

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27
Q

interference

A

a way sound behaves when sounds combine with eachother

28
Q

constructive interference

A

area of compression and rarefaction combine in a way that results in INCREASED amplitude

29
Q

destructive interference

A

areas of compression and rarefaction that combine in a way that results in DECREASED amplitude

30
Q

pure tones are also known as

A

sinusoids

31
Q

what are pure tones?

A

sounds with a SINGLE frequency, the source and molecules vibrate in simple harmonic motion, sound perceived is musical but thin

32
Q

complex sounds have how many frequencies?

A

2 or more

33
Q

characteristics of complex sounds

A

can be periodic or aperiodic

more common in nature

only sounds humans can make

34
Q

what happens when pure tones of different frequencies combine?

A

a complex sound is created

1 sound with 2 frequencies

35
Q

complex period sounds consist of

A

a fundamental frequency and harmonics

36
Q

what is fundamental frequency?

A

lowest frequency in the series/sound

37
Q

harmonics

A

whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

38
Q

what kind of quality does adding harmonics bring to a sound/

A

RICH, resonant quality

39
Q

perceptual correspondent to fundamental frequency is

A

pitch

40
Q

aperiodic complex sounds consist of..

A

multiple frequencies which are not systematically related

RANDOM broad range of frequencies

sounds like noise

41
Q

transient aperiodic complex sounds

A

STOPS

are brief in duration

42
Q

continuous aperiodic complex sounds

A

able to be prolonged in duration

“ssssss”

43
Q

voiced sounds

A

sound made by VF vibration

gives sound tonal quality

periodic

44
Q

voiceless sounds

A

open VFs, no vibration, no tone, just noise

aperiodic

45
Q

line spectrum shows..

A

frequency and amplitude

acoustic energy at each harmonic frequency of the sound

46
Q

continuous spectrum represents..

A

used to represent complex aperiodic sounds

will NOT show whether sound is continuous or transient because time isn’t on this graph

47
Q

quality (acoustic reference)

A

refers to the relationship between the frequencies in a sound and their respective amplitudes

48
Q

quality (perceptual)

A

refers to the tone of a sound

49
Q

amplitude

A

amount of pressure generated

50
Q

intensity

A

output of a source generated by amp.

grows exponentially

51
Q

dB scale

A

measures sounds accounting for amp and intensity in relation to loudness

52
Q

what kind of scale is the dB?

A

logarithmic and ratio scale

53
Q

what does the dB scale compare?

A

target sound to standard reference sound (SRS)

54
Q

0 dB

A

means the target sound has same amplitude, intensity, and loudness as SRS

55
Q

amp of 0 dB

A

20 micropascals

56
Q

intensity of 0 dB

A

10 ^-12 watts/m^2

57
Q

threshold of hearing

A

quietest sound that a pair or normal human ears can detect under ideal conditions, half of the time

PSYCHOACOUSTICS

58
Q

advantages of using the dB scale

A

condenses around 100 trillion linear intensity units into some 140 log units

dB scale is more manageable than using absolute units of amp or intensity

59
Q

dB level increases

A

linearly

60
Q

amp/intensity increase

A

exponentially

61
Q

dB SPL

A

sound pressure level, refers to amplitude

62
Q

dB IL

A

intensity level

63
Q

dB HL

A

hearing level (used on an audiogram)

64
Q

threshold of hearing changes according to…

A

FREQUENCY

65
Q

auditory area

A

encompasses limits of sounds we can hear

66
Q

if freq. is outside of our auditory area it must have what in order to be detected?

A

greater levels of amp and intensity

67
Q

what is the middle range freq. of hearing?

A

500-4000 HZ

Intro to Speech Science (6 decks)

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