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Bio > characteristics of living organisms. life. > Flashcards

characteristics of living organisms. life. Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is life, what kind of a structure is it and what kind of system is it?

A

life is a complex of two biopolymers (RNA,DNA) and proteins combined with other chemicals. it is an ordered structure of an open system which is reproducing, self regulating and always interacting with external environment via exchanging materials and energy.

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2
Q

what are every living organisms characterized by?

A
  1. Ordered structure 2. Heredity and variation 3. reproduction 4. metabolism 5. self regulation 6. response and motion 7. growth and development 8. adaptation
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3
Q

is organism organized from a lower to a higher level or opposite?

A

lower to higher.

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4
Q

how is heredity and variation provided?

A

DNA

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5
Q

what is heredity?

A

ability to transfer genetic information and traits

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6
Q

what is variation?

A

Ability to acquire new traits.

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7
Q

what and how many levels is self reproduction realized in?

A

3 levels. molecular, cellular, organismal.

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8
Q

how is molecular self reproduction achieved?

A

DNA can reproduce itself, called DNA replication.

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9
Q

how is self reproduction achieved in the organelle?

A

mitochondria can be replicated and doubled.

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10
Q

how is cellular self reproduction achieved?

A

by cell division e.g (mitosis)

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11
Q

how is organismal self reproduction achieved?

A

2 ways sexual and asexual.

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12
Q

what is the metabolism?

A

its the exchange of materials and energy in body.

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13
Q

by what typed of reactions is metabolism fulfilled?

A

Anabolism, catabolism

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14
Q

what’s anabolism? give exp.

A

synthetic reaction which converts simple molecules into complex ones, during the process energy is used. glucose+glucose+…+glucose+energy -> glycogen.

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15
Q

what’s catabolism? give exp.

A

breaks down complex materials into simple ones, energy is released. glycogen-> (glucose)n + energy.

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16
Q

where is glycogen stored in?

A

livers and muscles.

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17
Q

what are metabolic reactions realized by? go into detail.

A

enzymes, which are biological catalysts that speed up reactions in the body without being consumed. each reaction needs specific enzyme.

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18
Q

what does the function of enzyme depend on?

A

temperature and ph of environment.

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19
Q

why is self regulation important?

A

to keep the internal environment in constant conditions regardless of external changeable environment.

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20
Q

what is the relatively constant condition of the internal environment of an organism called? what will happen without it?

A

homeostasis. organism dies.

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21
Q

what mechanisms is homeostasis regulated by?

A

humoral and neural.

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22
Q

what is humoral regulation and what are the substances that fit into it?

A

they’re biologically active substances that circulate in body liquids, the substances are hormones and antibodies.

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23
Q

how does the speed of neural regulation compare to humoral?

A

neural regulation is much faster because neural transduction is faster than circulation of hormones through blood.

24
Q

how is neural regulation realized?

A

its realized by two systems, sympathetic and parasympathetic, which have opposite effects.

25
Q

what’s different between parasympathetic and sympathetic neural regulation, say as an example.

A

sympathetic: heartbeat->up=bloodpressure->up
parasympathetic: heartbeat->down=blood pressure->down

26
Q

what are hormones, where are they produced and how long is their lifespan?

A

they are active substances produced in various glands, the have a very short lifespan.

27
Q

what do hormones do? give example.

A

they regulate different metabolic processes, for example insulin regulated blood sugar level and helps cells get the sugar from blood and decreases blood sugar level.

28
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

pancreas

29
Q

what does deficiency of insulin lead to?

A

diabetes mellitus.

30
Q

what are regulating mechanisms known as and what kinds are there?

A

feedback or reaction to change. negative and positive.

31
Q

what is a positive feedback mechanism? give example.

A

when both go up or down, for example insulin is produced more when blood sugar rises.

32
Q

what is a negative feedback mechanism? give example.

A

when one goes up and other down and vice versa, when there’s less thyroid hormone, more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced.

33
Q

where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced?

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

34
Q

what are antibodies, how are they produced and why?

A

they are protective proteins produced by WBC (white blood cells) in response to foreign particles called antigens.

35
Q

Using an analogy, how can the relationship between antigens and antibodies be described?

A

Antigens can be likened to keys, and antibodies to locks. Just as a specific key fits into a particular lock, each antigen stimulates the production of a specific antibody that recognizes and binds to it.

36
Q

what is a B-lymphocyte

A

A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies.

37
Q

What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies in the immune response?

A

Each antigen stimulates the synthesis of a specific antibody.

38
Q

what are antibodies called alternatively?

A

immunoglobulins

39
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

its the reaction between antigens and antibodies

40
Q

which is faster, humoral immunity or neural?

A

neural as neural transduction is faster then circulation of hormones through blood.

41
Q

what is response?

A

its the reaction of the organism to external signals.

42
Q

what is response expressed by?

A

motion

43
Q

What are the functions of cilia and flagella?

A

Cilia and flagella are specialized structures involved in cellular movement. They propel cells or move substances across the cell surface.

44
Q

what is motion called in unicellular organisms?

A

taxis.

45
Q

What is meant by muscular movement?

A

Muscular movement refers to the coordinated contraction and relaxation of muscles that result in the movement of body parts or substances within the body.

46
Q

what is growth of an organism?

A

its the increase of weight and size of said organism.

47
Q

what is the growth of an organism provided by?

A

the division of cells.

48
Q

what is limited and non limited growth?

A

Limited growth refers to growth that stops once a certain size or stage is reached, typically dictated by genetic or environmental factors. Non-limited growth, on the other hand, refers to continuous growth throughout an organism’s life without reaching a predetermined size limit.

49
Q

what hormone provides growth in humans?

A

growth hormone.

50
Q

what does lack of GH lead to?

A

dwarfism

51
Q

what does overproduction of GH lead to?

A

gigantism.

52
Q

what is the individual growth of an organism called?

A

Ontogeny.

53
Q

how long does development of an organism last?

A

thought the whole life of the organism, from fertilization to death.

54
Q

what is adaptation? and what is its purpose?

A

the ability to get used to a new environment, to help survive.

55
Q
A

Bio (3 decks)

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