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Biology > Characteristics of Life > Flashcards

Characteristics of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A
  • Cells
  • Use of energy
  • Respond to stimuli (aka Stimulus and Response)
  • Adaptation
  • Growth and Development
  • Reproduce
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2
Q

Cell

A
  • Basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

- Microscopic

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3
Q

Unicellular

A

An organism containing one cell

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4
Q

Multicellular

A

An organism containing more than one cell

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5
Q

Water

A

The most abundant chemical in all living things

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6
Q

Stimulus

A

Change in surroundings

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7
Q

Response

A

The reaction due to a change in surroundings (change in behavior)

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8
Q

Development

A

When an organism becomes complex

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9
Q

Reproduce

A

Make offspring of the same kind

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10
Q

Parts to the Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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11
Q

Zaccharias Jansen

A
  • Spectacle maker
  • Created the first compound microscope by experimenting with multiple lenses in a tube
  • Created the first telescope
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12
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • made his own version of a microscope resembling a small paddle (simple microscope) with one lense
  • invented methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses that allowed for increased curvatures and magnifications
  • discovered bacteria by looking at dental scrapings, originally calling them animalcules
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13
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • coined the term cell
  • he studied a piece of cork under a microscope and thought the little parts resembled the cell of a monk
  • under appreciated
  • had a tense relationship with Sir Isaac Newton because they both claimed the other stole his work
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14
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A
  • Studied plants
  • Realized every plant is made of cells
  • Worked with Schwaan
  • Originally believed that cells came from free cell formation
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15
Q

Theodore Schwaan

A
  • Studied animal cells and came to the conclusion that all animals are made of cells
  • A nerve cell is named after him
  • Created rebreathers for firefighters
  • Worked with Schleidenc
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16
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A
  • Proved cells did come from other cells with stolen research from Robert Remack
17
Q

1000 AD

A

The Reading Stone - the first vision aid was invented; a glass sphere that magnified words when laid on top of reading material

18
Q

Salvino D’Armate

A

1284 - credited with inventing the first pair of wearable eye glasses

19
Q

Chromatic Effect

A

The halos resulting from differences in refraction (change in direction) of light
- They were eventually reduced with technical innovations

20
Q

Joseph Jackson Lister

A
  • Reduced the chromatic effect by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances gave good magnification without a blurring image which eventually became the prototype for the compound microscope
21
Q

Ernst Abbe

A
  • Former research director of the Zeiss Optical Works
  • Wrote a mathematical formula called “Abbe Sine Condition” which provided calculations that allowed for the maximum resolution in microscopes possible
22
Q

Frits Zernike

A
  • Invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials
  • Won Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953
23
Q

Ernst Ruska

A
  • Co-invented the electron microscope

- Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986

24
Q

Electron Microscope

A
  • Depends on electrons rather than light to view an object
  • Electrons are speeded up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short
  • Make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom
25
Q

Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer

A
  • Invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives 3D images of objects down to the atomic level
  • Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986
  • Strongest microscope to date
26
Q

Compound Microscope

A
  • Light illuminated
  • 2D
  • Most commonly used
  • Allows you to view individual cells (including living ones)
  • High magnification
  • Low resolution
27
Q

Dissection Microscope

A
  • Light illuminated
  • 3D
  • Used for dissection
  • Allows for a better look at large specimen
  • Does not allow to see individual cells because of the low magnification
28
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A
  • AKA SEM
  • Electron illuminated
  • 3D
  • High magnification
  • High resolution
  • Specimen is coated in gold and electrons bounce off to give and exterior view of the specimen
  • Pictures are in black and white
29
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A
  • AKA TEM
  • 2D
  • Electron illuminated; electron beams are passed through
  • High magnification
  • High resolution
  • Slices of specimen are obtained
30
Q

Microscope Care

A
  • Always carry with two hands
  • Never touch the lenses with your fingers
  • Only use lens paper for cleaning
  • Do not force knobs
  • Keep objects clear of desk and cords
  • When finished, rotate the nosepiece so that it is on the low power objective, roll the stage down to the lowest level, rubber band the cord, and replace dust cover

Biology (5 decks)

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