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Easy Bio IGCSE > Characteristics & classification of living organisms > Flashcards

Characteristics & classification of living organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Movement or Locomotion

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

Respiration

A

chemical reactions in living organisms that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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3
Q

Sensitivity or Irritability

A

the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses

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4
Q

Growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell size or cell number or both

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

the process that makes more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of toxic materials , waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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7
Q

Nutrition

A

taking in nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions to be used in growth, tissue repair, development and production of energy

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

the change in the internal or external environment such as HEAT or PAIN or LIGHT…..

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9
Q

Dry mass

A

mass of an organism after the removal of its water content

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10
Q

How to prepare dry mass

A
  • Heat gently in an oven or an incubator at a low temperature (about 80 celcius degree)
  • After a suitable period of time, leave it to cool and weigh it
  • Repeat heating and reweigh until to successive weights become equal to make sure it has lost all of its water content.
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11
Q

Classification

A

Sorting living organisms into groups according to shared features in Morphology and Anatomy

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12
Q

Morphology

A

External features

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13
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of internal structure of living organisms

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14
Q

Classification groups

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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15
Q

To make it easy

A

Keep Plate Clean Or Family Gets Sick

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16
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

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17
Q

Importance of classification

A
  • To facilitate the study and identification of living organisms
  • Aims to reflect evolutionary relationships
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18
Q

Binomial System

A

Giving each organism a name of two words

  • the first represents Genus and begins with Capital letter
  • the second name represents Species and begins with Small letter
  • the name is written in LATIN in italics or underlined
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19
Q

Homo Sapiens

A
  • Homo : Genus

- Sapiens : Species

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20
Q

Binomial system depends on

A
  • Morphology
  • Anatomy
  • DNA
  • Protein
21
Q

The kingdoms

A
  • kingdom prokaryotae or bacteria
  • kingdom protoctista
  • kingdom fungi
  • kingdom plant
  • kingdom animal
22
Q

kingdom prokaryotae

A
  • no nucleus
  • no organelles except ribosomes
  • ribosomes smaller than other kingdoms
  • circular DNA not associated with protein
  • circular rings of DNA called plasmids
  • covered with slime capsule for protection
  • cell wall made of murein (protein and carbohydrate)
  • cytoplasm contains food in form of glycogen and lipids
  • may have flagella used in movement
  • may contain chlorophyll
  • reproduce by simple binary fission
23
Q

Effect of temperature

A
  • in high temp many types can secrete thick coat around themselves forming spores to withstand high temp
  • in very low temp activities of bacteria slows down but are not killed
24
Q

kingdom protoctista

A

involve unicellular animals (known as protozoa) and multicellular organisms such as seaweeds

  • cells contain nucleus
  • some have cell wall and chloroplasts known as algae
25
Q

kingdom fungi

A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • most are multicellular but few are unicellular such as yeast
  • never motile as they have no cilia or flagella
  • body usually made of hyphae which are aspetate
  • whole body is called mycelium
  • reproduce by spores but yeast reproduce by budding
26
Q

How fungus is adapted to obtain its food?

A
  • has feeding hyphae branched in food substances
  • feeding hyphae provide large surface area for production of extracellular enymes
  • enzymes digest the surrounding food into small soluble molecules
  • these molecules are absorbed by simple diffusion and active uptake
27
Q

yeast

A
  • unicellular
  • reproduce by budding in favorable conditions but reproduce by spore formation in unfavorable conditions
  • not parasitic organism
28
Q

other types of fungi

A
  • formed of hyphae
  • reproduce by spore formation
  • may be parasitic or saprophitic
29
Q 
kingdom plants
(flowering plants)
A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • contain chlorophyll
  • make food by photosynthesis
  • cell wall made of cellulose
  • produce flowers for reproduction
  • produce fruits enclosing seeds
  • seeds germinate in suitable conditions producing new plants
30
Q

flowering plants

A
  • Monocotyledons (Monocots)

- Dicotyledons (Dicots)

31
Q

Monocots

A
  • have narrow leaves
  • parallel veins
  • seed contains one cotyledon
  • have fibrous root
  • number of stomata is equal distributed in the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves
  • floral parts such as petals are 3 or their multiples
32
Q

Dicots

A
  • have broad leaves
  • branched leaves
  • seed contains two cotyledons
  • have main taproot system with lateral roots
  • stomata are usually found in the lower surface
  • floral parts are 4 or 5 or their multiples
33
Q

Ferns

A
  • plants with roots, stems and leaves
  • leaves are called fronds
  • do not produce flowers
  • reproduce by spores
  • parts that produce spores are called sporangia (singular: sporangium)
34
Q

kingdom animal

A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • multicellular organisms
  • often motile
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophic organisms (means can not make their own food but obtain it by eating other organisms)
35
Q

phylum vertebrate classes

A
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
36
Q

Fish

A
  • have a stream-lined shape to decrease water resistance
  • covered with scales for protection
  • have lateral line for protection
  • have gills for gas exchange
  • have different colors according to their environment to hide from their enemies by camouflage
  • have fins for movement
37
Q

Amphibians

A
  • have four limbs
  • have moist skin with fine capillaries for gaseous exchange
  • have external ear drum for hearing
  • their eyes are protruded to be able to see while the body is submerged in water
  • nostrils found at top of head to breathe while swimming
  • they lay soft eggs in jelly like coat that hatch into tadpoles
  • male has dark region below lower jaw which is the site of vocal sac
  • have external gills for gas exchage
  • have tails for swimming
  • have stream-line shape to decrease water resistance

example: frog

38
Q

Reptiles

A
  • have dry scaly skin to reduce water loss
  • lay eggs with water proof shells
  • ear drums are deep inside their heads
  • most of them have 4 short weak limbs so they slide along the ground
  • body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail

example: lizards, snakes and crocodiles

39
Q

Birds

A
  • are covered with feathers which:
  • act as insulating layer
  • decrease the density of the bird to help in flying
  • is covered with a waterproof oil in order not to absorb water
  • have beaks modified according to the type of food
  • the four limbs are modified into wings
  • have tails to control their direction during flying
  • their ear drums are found deep in their heads
  • females lay eggs with hard shells
40
Q

Mammals

A
  • have hairy skin or fur
  • have external pinnae or flap
  • have whiskers
  • females have mammary glands that secrete milk
  • have four limbs
  • have teeth with different types

Examples: humans, cats, dogs and bats

41
Q

Homeothermic (warm blooded)

A

only birds and mammals are warm blooded which means they have constant body temp which doesn’t change even when the surrounding temp changes

Example: the normal temp of humans is 37 celcius degree

42
Q

Viruses

A
  • are considered as link or intermediate stage between livings and non-livings
  • its difficult to classify viruses among living organisms as they many characteristics of living and non living organisms
43
Q

Viruses

characteristics

A
  • have a core of DNA or RNA
  • have proteins
  • can reproduce
  • have no cytoplasm or cell organelles
  • do not carry out any function of life except reproduction inside living cells
  • very much smaller than bacteria
  • are parasites
  • have a protein coat called cupsid that consists of units called capsomers
  • have no cell membrane
44
Q

phylum arthropods

A
  • invertebrates
  • have segmented body
  • have exoskeleton made of chitin for protection and support
  • have pairs of jointed legs to facilitate their movement
45
Q

Classes of arthropods

A
  • Insects
  • Arachnids
  • Crustaceans
  • Myriapods
46
Q

Insects

A
  • body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen to facilitate their movement
  • 3 pairs of jointed legs for rapid movement
  • 1 pair of antenna for sensation
  • have compound eyes for wide vision
  • most of them have wings
  • are small to hide from enemies
  • have different colours for camouflage
  • have exoskeleton for protection and support
47
Q

Arachnids

A
  • body divided into 2 parts only which are cephalothorax and abdomen to facilitate their movement
  • have 4 pairs of jointed legs for rapid movement
  • legs end with claws for catching prey
  • have no wings
  • have simple eyes
  • have no antenna but a pair of pedipalps which are used to hold the prey
  • have exoskeleton for protection
48
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • body is divided into 2 parts which are cephalothorax and abdomen
  • 2 pairs of antenna for sensation
  • 1 pair of stalked compound eyes for wide field of vision
  • most of them are aquatic and respire by gills for breathing in water
  • usually have more than 4 pairs of legs
49
Q

Myriapods

A
  • have segmented body, pairs of jointed legs and exoskeleton
  • have head but body can’t be divided
  • have a pair of legs at each body segment
  • as it grows additional segments are formed

Example: millipedes

Easy Bio IGCSE (2 decks)

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