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Image Characteristics > Characteristics and Structure of Matter > Flashcards

Characteristics and Structure of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

Where is radiation created and then later absorbed within?

A

Some material substance or matter

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2
Q

Where does radiation interaction occur (both formation and absorption)?

A

within individual atoms

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3
Q

What are the two major regions of atoms?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Electron shells

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4
Q

What is the nucleus a source of?

A

Source of energy for the radiation used in nuclear medicine procedures

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5
Q

What is the nucleus involved in?

A

Production of x-ray photons

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6
Q

How is radiation absorbed?

A

Interacting with electrons located in the shells surrounding the nucleus

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7
Q

How is one form of x-radiation produced?

A

Transition in the shell electrons

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8
Q

What is the conventional model of atoms consisting of nucleus?

A

protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons located in specific orbitals or shells

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9
Q

How is the nucleus shown?

A

A ball or cluster of particles at the centre of atom

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10
Q

What is quite small in comparison to the total dimension of atom?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

What is contained within the nucleus?

A

Most of mass of atom

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12
Q

What is located at a much greater distance from the nucleus?

A

Electrons

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13
Q

What are two basic particles of nuclei?

A
  1. Neutrons

2. Protons

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14
Q

What is almost the same size but differ in their electrical charge?

A
  1. Neutrons

2. Protons

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15
Q

What has no electrical charge and contribute only mass to the nucleus?

A

Neutrons

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16
Q

What does proton have a positive charge equal in strength to?

A

Negative charge carried by an electron

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17
Q

What relates to nuclei’s neutron-proton composition?

A

Physical and chemical characteristics of a substance

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18
Q

What establishes the chemical identity of the atom?

A

The number of protons in a nucleus (atomic number [Z])

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19
Q

What does each atomic number correspond to?

A

Different chemical element

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20
Q

Why is not convenient to express the mass of nuclei and atomic particles in the conventional unit of kilograms?

A

Very small size

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21
Q

What is the relationship between atomic mass unit and kilogram?

A

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg.

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22
Q

What is difference in mass between a neutron and proton?

A

Quite small

approx 0.1%

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23
Q

What is required to equal the mass of a proton or neutron?

A

More than 1,800 electrons

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24
Q

What is the mass number (A)?

A

The total number of particles (neutrons and protons)

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25
Q

What is proportional to the mass number?

A

The total mass or weight of a nucleus

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26
Q

What happens when nucleus is formed?

A

Some of the mass is converted into energy

27
Q

What does lighter element contain?

A

Almost equal numbers of neutrons and protons

28
Q

What is the consequence of the size of the nucleus increasing?

A

The ratio of neutrons to protons increases to a maximum of about 1.3 neutrons per proton for material with very high atomic numbers

29
Q

How is the number of neutrons in a specific nucleus obtained?

A

Subtracting the atomic number from the mass number

30
Q

What can one chemical element have?

A

Nuclei containing different numbers of neutrons

31
Q

What determines if a nucleus is radioactive?

A

The variation in neutron composition

32
Q

How many different atomic numbers or elements are there?

A

106

33
Q

How many different neutron-proton combinations are now known?

A

at, least 1,300

34
Q

Define Isobars?

A

Nuclides having the same mass number but different atomic numbers

35
Q

What cannot belong to the same chemical element?

A

A pair of isobars

36
Q

Define isomers

A

Two nuclei that have the same composition but varying energy

37
Q

What will a nucleus in the metastable state give off?

A

Its excess energy and change to the other isomer

38
Q

Define Isotones

A

Nuclides that have the same number of neutrons

39
Q

What is the ability of a nucleus to emit radiation energy related to?

A

Level of stability

40
Q

What is nuclear stability determined by?

A

Balance of forces within the nucleus

41
Q

What is a significant factor that determines the balance between internal forces and therefore nuclear stability?

A

The ratio of number of neutrons to the number of protons

42
Q

When will the nucleus be generally radioactive?

A

If the neutron-proton ratio is slightly above or below the ratio for stability

43
Q

When does a nucleus emit energy?

A

When it changes to a more stable form

44
Q

What process creates energy?

A

The fusion of two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus

45
Q

How is radiation energy created?

A

When nuclei undergo spontaneous radioactive transitions to create more stable nuclear structures

46
Q

What will the mass of 1g completely converted produce?

A

25,000,000 kilowatt-hours

47
Q

What are clinical applications interested in?

A

Amount of energy released by an individual atom

48
Q

What is kiloelectron volts (keV)?

A

A relatively small unit of energy

49
Q

What is the relationship between some other energy units and keV?

A

1 erg = 6.24 x 108 keV

1 j = 107 erg = 6.24 x 1015 keV.

50
Q

What is the energy equivalent of one electron mass?

A

511 keV

referred to as the rest-mass energy of an electron

51
Q

What does orbital electrons become involved in?

A

Actual emission of energy from the atom

52
Q

Where are electrons located in?

A

orbits or shells in the space surrounding a nucleus

53
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of electrons contained in a normal atom equal to the number of protons in the nucleus

54
Q

What does a shell have?

A

Limited electron capacity

55
Q

What is the maximum capacity of the K, L, M shells?

A

K - 2
L- 8
M-18

56
Q

How are electrons bound to the positive nucleus of an atom?

A

Negative electrical charge

57
Q

What is binding energy a form of?

A

Electron potential energy

58
Q

What is designated the zero point?

A

A location outside the atom where the electron is no longer under the influence of nucleus

59
Q

Which shell is closest to the nucleus?

A

K shell

Lowest energy level

60
Q

Define ionization

A

The removal of an electron from an atom

61
Q

What is considered ionizing radiation?

A

X-ray and gamma photons

sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms

62
Q

What cannot produce ionization?

A

Visible light

63
Q

When are photons absorbed?

A

When they collide with electrons

Image Characteristics (8 decks)

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