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ABA 1 > Chapters16+ > Flashcards

Chapters16+ Flashcards

0
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Anything that affects a person’s behavior.

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1
Q

What is stimulus control?

A

The increase in behavior from an event that precedes the behavior.

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2
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Distinguishing among different situations.

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3
Q

What are the tactics in using the stimulus control strategy?

A
  1. Narrow stimulus control through Discrimination training
  2. Broaden stimulus control through Generalization training
  3. Create new stimulus control through Fading/programming-temporarily using prompts
  4. Create complex stimulus control through Imitation/instructional training
  5. Make reinforcement more practical through Conditioned reinforcement
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4
Q

Define discrimination training

A

A procedure where a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of another.

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5
Q

Define discriminative stimulus

A

(SD) a stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if reinforcement will occur for that behavior.

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6
Q

Define S-delta

A

A stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if extinction will occur for that behavior.

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7
Q

Define discriminated behavior

A

A behavior that is more likely to occur in the presence of an SD than an S-delta.
-the behavior that results from discrimination training.

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8
Q

Define discriminated response

A

A single instance of discriminated behavior

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9
Q

Define stimulus control

A

The increased probability of a discriminated behavior produced by an SD.
-effect of the stimulus involved in discrimination training.

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10
Q

What is stimulus equivalent?

A

When people respond as though one stimulus is equivalent to another stimulus (saying cat and pointing to the word cat when shown a picture)

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11
Q

What is complex discrimination training?

A

Involves two behaviors in two stimulus situations

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12
Q

What is generalization training?

A
  • It eliminates boundaries between situations and the behavior spreads from one situation to another.
  • Reinforcing a behavior in a series of situations until it generalizes to other members of that stimulus class.
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13
Q

What is generalization?

A

The occurrence of a behavior in the presence of a novel stimulus.

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14
Q

What is a stimulus class?

A

A set of related stimuli.

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15
Q

What is the train and hope method?

A

Method of generalization where you train and them hope it generalizes. Usually produces failure or limited success.

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16
Q

What is the similar-stimuli method?

A

This method ensures that stimuli similar to those present in the training situation are also present in the everyday situation
-trying to maximize the similarity between the training situation and the everyday situation

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17
Q

What is generalization of extinction?

A

Extinguishing the behavior in one or two settings produces extinction in other settings

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18
Q

What is concept formation?

A

Learning to discriminate whether a stimulus is within or outside of a stimulus class.

19
Q

What generalizes, people or behavior?

A

Behavior generalizes, people don’t generalize

20
Q

What is generalization occurring among behaviors (rather than situations)?

A

Induction or response generalization

21
Q

What is the difference between discrimination training and differential reinforcement?

A
  • Discrimination training- 2+ stimuli, 1 behavior

- Differential reinforcement- 2+ behaviors, 1 stimulus

22
Q

When so you use fading and programming?

A

When the discriminated behavior doesn’t exist

23
Q

Define prompt

A

An added stimulus that increases the probability that a person will make the correct response in the presence of a novel stimulus

24
Q

What is fading?

A

The temporary use of a prompt that is gradually withdrawn to establish a specific discrimination
-a procedure

25
Q

Define programming

A

The temporary use of prompts to establish a generalization.

26
Q

Steps of programmed instruction:

A

Common form of programming.

  1. Required a written response
  2. Provides immediate feedback
  3. Uses small steps
27
Q

Difference between fading and shaping

A
  • Fading is used to change the stimulus

- Shaping is used to change the behavior

28
Q

Define imitation training

A
  1. Teacher demonstrates the imitative stimulus
  2. Learner emits imitative stimulus
  3. Teacher reinforces it

Most acceptable treatment for persons with developmental disabilities

Specific type of Discrimination training

29
Q

Modeling vs. imitation training

A

Modeling only shows what to go, imitation training has the learner do it too.

30
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Modeling that was successful

31
Q

Definition of instructional training

A
  1. Teacher gives a verbal description
  2. Learner emits the instructed behavior
  3. Teacher reinforces it

Usually a discrimination training procedure

Reinforcement is crucial for maintaining instruction following
Used in almost all treatment programs

Simpler and more direct than reinforcement

Alternative to shaping

32
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Reinforcers that never lose their power except through satiation.
Food, water, sex, warmth, etc - needs
Not based on learning
Food is the most common reinforcer used

33
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

Grow out of experience, different for everyone.

Effective only when paired with a primary reinforcer

34
Q

What is a stimulus/response chain?

A

A sequence where each behavior becomes an SD for the next and the last behavior is reinforced.

35
Q

What is aversive control strategy?

A

To decrease undesirable behavior through punishment

36
Q

Tactics of the aversive control strategy

A
  1. Decrease undesirable behavior through punishment as a last resort
  2. Increase desirable behavior through negative reinforcement as a last resort
37
Q

Define punishment

A

The procedure of following a behavior with a punisher

38
Q

Define punisher

A

Any event that follows a behavior and decreases the rate of that behavior

39
Q

What is punishment by contingent stimulation?

A

When you deliver an aversive event contingent on a behavior

40
Q

What is punishment by contingent withdrawal?

A

Taking something away. Follows a behavior and decreases it.

41
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The procedure of following an event with a negative reinforcer

42
Q

Define negative reinforcer

A

Any event that when terminated or prevented by a behavior, increases the rate of that behavior
-you take the event away rather than give it

43
Q

Define escape vs avoidance

A

Escape-behavior that terminates a negative behavior

Avoidance-behavior that prevents a negative behavior

44
Q

Should you label negative reinforce my as punishment for not making a response?

A

No

45
Q

How do behavior analysts define behavior?

A

As doing something, never the absence of doing something

ABA 1 (3 decks)

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