Chapters16+

Question 0

What is a stimulus?

Answer 0

Anything that affects a person’s behavior.

Question 1

What is stimulus control?

Answer 1

The increase in behavior from an event that precedes the behavior.

Question 2

What is discrimination?

Answer 2

Distinguishing among different situations.

Question 3

What are the tactics in using the stimulus control strategy?

Answer 3

1. Narrow stimulus control through Discrimination training
2. Broaden stimulus control through Generalization training
3. Create new stimulus control through Fading/programming-temporarily using prompts
4. Create complex stimulus control through Imitation/instructional training
5. Make reinforcement more practical through Conditioned reinforcement

Question 4

Define discrimination training

Answer 4

A procedure where a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of another.

Question 5

Define discriminative stimulus

Answer 5

(SD) a stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if reinforcement will occur for that behavior.

Question 6

Define S-delta

Answer 6

A stimulus that precedes the behavior and is present only if extinction will occur for that behavior.

Question 7

Define discriminated behavior

Answer 7

A behavior that is more likely to occur in the presence of an SD than an S-delta.
-the behavior that results from discrimination training.

Question 8

Define discriminated response

Answer 8

A single instance of discriminated behavior

Question 9

Define stimulus control

Answer 9

The increased probability of a discriminated behavior produced by an SD.
-effect of the stimulus involved in discrimination training.

Question 10

What is stimulus equivalent?

Answer 10

When people respond as though one stimulus is equivalent to another stimulus (saying cat and pointing to the word cat when shown a picture)

Question 11

What is complex discrimination training?

Answer 11

Involves two behaviors in two stimulus situations

Question 12

What is generalization training?

Answer 12

• It eliminates boundaries between situations and the behavior spreads from one situation to another.
• Reinforcing a behavior in a series of situations until it generalizes to other members of that stimulus class.

Question 13

What is generalization?

Answer 13

The occurrence of a behavior in the presence of a novel stimulus.

Question 14

What is a stimulus class?

Answer 14

A set of related stimuli.

Question 15

What is the train and hope method?

Answer 15

Method of generalization where you train and them hope it generalizes. Usually produces failure or limited success.

Question 16

What is the similar-stimuli method?

Answer 16

This method ensures that stimuli similar to those present in the training situation are also present in the everyday situation
-trying to maximize the similarity between the training situation and the everyday situation

Question 17

What is generalization of extinction?

Answer 17

Extinguishing the behavior in one or two settings produces extinction in other settings

Question 18

What is concept formation?

Answer 18

Learning to discriminate whether a stimulus is within or outside of a stimulus class.

Question 19

What generalizes, people or behavior?

Answer 19

Behavior generalizes, people don’t generalize

Question 20

What is generalization occurring among behaviors (rather than situations)?

Answer 20

Induction or response generalization

Question 21

What is the difference between discrimination training and differential reinforcement?

Answer 21

• Discrimination training- 2+ stimuli, 1 behavior

- Differential reinforcement- 2+ behaviors, 1 stimulus

Question 22

When so you use fading and programming?

Answer 22

When the discriminated behavior doesn’t exist

Question 23

Define prompt

Answer 23

An added stimulus that increases the probability that a person will make the correct response in the presence of a novel stimulus

Question 24

What is fading?

Answer 24

The temporary use of a prompt that is gradually withdrawn to establish a specific discrimination -a procedure

Question 25

Define programming

Answer 25

The temporary use of prompts to establish a generalization.

Question 26

Steps of programmed instruction:

Answer 26

Common form of programming. 1. Required a written response 2. Provides immediate feedback 3. Uses small steps

Question 27

Difference between fading and shaping

Answer 27

- Fading is used to change the stimulus | - Shaping is used to change the behavior

Question 28

Define imitation training

Answer 28

1. Teacher demonstrates the imitative stimulus 2. Learner emits imitative stimulus 3. Teacher reinforces it Most acceptable treatment for persons with developmental disabilities Specific type of Discrimination training

Question 29

Modeling vs. imitation training

Answer 29

Modeling only shows what to go, imitation training has the learner do it too.

Question 30

What is observational learning?

Answer 30

Modeling that was successful

Question 31

Definition of instructional training

Answer 31

1. Teacher gives a verbal description 2. Learner emits the instructed behavior 3. Teacher reinforces it Usually a discrimination training procedure Reinforcement is crucial for maintaining instruction following Used in almost all treatment programs Simpler and more direct than reinforcement Alternative to shaping

Question 32

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 32

Reinforcers that never lose their power except through satiation. Food, water, sex, warmth, etc - needs Not based on learning Food is the most common reinforcer used

Question 33

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

Answer 33

Grow out of experience, different for everyone. | Effective only when paired with a primary reinforcer

Question 34

What is a stimulus/response chain?

Answer 34

A sequence where each behavior becomes an SD for the next and the last behavior is reinforced.

Question 35

What is aversive control strategy?

Answer 35

To decrease undesirable behavior through punishment

Question 36

Tactics of the aversive control strategy

Answer 36

1. Decrease undesirable behavior through punishment as a last resort 2. Increase desirable behavior through negative reinforcement as a last resort

Question 37

Define punishment

Answer 37

The procedure of following a behavior with a punisher

Question 38

Define punisher

Answer 38

Any event that follows a behavior and decreases the rate of that behavior

Question 39

What is punishment by contingent stimulation?

Answer 39

When you deliver an aversive event contingent on a behavior

Question 40

What is punishment by contingent withdrawal?

Answer 40

Taking something away. Follows a behavior and decreases it.

Question 41

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 41

The procedure of following an event with a negative reinforcer

Question 42

Define negative reinforcer

Answer 42

Any event that when terminated or prevented by a behavior, increases the rate of that behavior -you take the event away rather than give it

Question 43

Define escape vs avoidance

Answer 43

Escape-behavior that terminates a negative behavior Avoidance-behavior that prevents a negative behavior

Question 44

Should you label negative reinforce my as punishment for not making a response?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

How do behavior analysts define behavior?

Answer 45

As doing something, never the absence of doing something