chapters 9-16 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
click track
A
series of regular audio pulses used to keep separately recorded parts synchronized
2
Q
click source
A
sample or synthesized sound used in the clicktrack pulse
3
Q
count in or count off
A
initial clicks on a clicktrack that gives performers the tempo and beat
4
Q
pre roll
A
setting that plays back previous music just prior to the point of recording
5
Q
mixdown
A
reduce multiple audio tracks into few tracks by adjusting individual track levels and processing prior to combining them
6
Q
multitrack
A
(adj) - type of recording device
(verb) - to record multiple tracks for later mixdown
7
Q
overdub
A
recording a different audio track (with different harmonies, melody) to complement an existing audio track
8
Q
double track
A
record a second audio track with the same audio performance as the first track
9
Q
bounce or render
A
process track so that it is converted to an audio file (ie. as a .aif or .wav format file)
10
Q
monophonic
A
single channel sound system (often with a single speaker)
11
Q
PA system
A
public address system (common to use monophonic for these)
12
Q
stereophonic
A
two channel sound system with different audio channels for each speaker
- speakers attempt to replicate the continuous audio horizon
13
Q
point source
A
a single speaker location
14
Q
sweet spot
A
area in a listening environment with the best balance of sound
- listening position located equidistant from the speakers and directly in line with their axes of diffusion
15
Q
multichannel system
A
audio system diffusing more than one channel on more than one speaker
- diffuse more than channels
16
Q
quadraphonic
A
four channel audio system
- placed in corners of square
17
Q
LFE
A
low frequency effects channel
18
Q
5.1
A
five channel audio system with a subwoofer
19
Q
7.1
A
seven channel audio system with a subwoofer
20
Q
Octophonic
A
eight channel audio system
21
Q
foley
A
natural sounds added to audio tracks in film/video to provide a more realistic experience
- presentation of speech, music, sound effects
22
Q
file format
A
protocol for a file
23
Q
protocol
A
manner and order in which data is saved to a file
- agreed upon method of efficiently communicating information so that errors and misunderstandings are avoided
24
Q
raw audio
A
audio file containing only the audio samples and no file header
- no other info about the file other than the specific values needed to replicate the waveform
25
header
first part of a file containing information about compression, # of channels, bit depth, sample rate, format
- solves problem of confusion as to how many channels and what type of compression is used in a file
26
block
predetermined and specific amount of audio data in an audio file
27
.wav
suffix for WAVE format - uncompressed audio file
28
.aif
suffix for AIFF format - uncompressed audio file
29
compression
reduce the size of a file so that it takes up less storage space
30
decompression
expand a file that has been compressed
31
codec
compressor-decompressor algorithm
- audio file is decompressed according to the same protocol it was compressed
32
lossless
adjective indicating no data is lost in the compression stage of storage (can recreate all the data in the file)
- removing redundant data (ie silence)
33
lossy
adjective indicating that some data is lost in the compression stage of storage
- these formats reduce size of audio file by stripping out info that our ears won't notice (for the most part)
- finds tones we don;t or hardly hear and excludes them
34
.mp3
common lossy codec
- strips out frequencies from original sound that may not be perceived by a user
35
AAC
advanced audio coding - lossy compression method (used for iTunes)
36
.m4a
lossless audio format
37
.wma
lossless audio format
38
Kilobit
1024 bits (of data)
39
bitrate
number of kilobits per second
40
VBR
variable bit rate
- provides a balance between high quality audio and small size files
- used to achieve improved quality in comparison to file size ratio
41
artifact
a distortion (not present in the og sound) caused by processing, compression or any other action of editing, storage or retrieval
- unwanted noise/distortion in the resulting sound file
42
tweeker
speaker that handles high frequencies
43
squawker
speaker that handles midrange frequencies
44
woofer
speaker that handles low frequencies
45
subwoofer
speaker that handles the lowest frequencies heard by humans
46
driver
cone, magnet and coil that make up/form a dynamic speaker
47
sound system configuration
physical presentation of audio channels when they are played back/diffused in a listening area
48
diffuser
controlling the balance and movement of sound in the space
49
Suffix (of a file name)
one way of recognizing file formats
50
What is a good trade off for encoding
good sound quality versus file size
51
automation
ability to have the computer control and change various parameters that are accessible through the interface or in plug ins
52
timeline
area above the DAW tracks that can display time divisions in different formats
53
plugin
small software program that works inside of another program
54
format
protocols that the plugin follows to be able to operate
55
VST
virtual studio technology
- had to run effects as separate application (crash and timing problems etc)
56
VSTi
virtual studio technology synthetic instrument
- plugins that can act as standalone instruments (samplers or synths)
57
VST3
64-bit plug-in
- have audio inputs and multiple MIDI inputs/outputs
- recognize how many input and output channels your system has (and adjust accordingly)
58
AU
Audio unit (apple)
59
AAX
Avid audio extension
60
wrapper
small plugin that allows non compatible plugins to work in a particular DAW
- software interface
61
Bridge
software that allows 32-bit plugins to work in 64-bit systems
62
plugin host
software program that allows you to use plugins outside of a DAW for realtime/live performance
63
control tracks
give us the ability to program and edit parameters so that they are used as we wish at the appropriate time in a piece
- access to every parameter including plugins (not just the regular volume, pan etc)
64
Music representation
music information that is being conveyed, such as pitch, articulation, dynamics etc.
65
music notation
typeface and layout used to present the music information
66
common practice period (CPP)
Baroque, Classical, Romantic eras of music
67
Justification
adjusting the layout and spacing of materials
68
graphics-based
refers to a notation system where the notation has no associated attributes of pitch, duration etc
69
rule-based
notation system where each symbol is identified as having specific attributes such as pitch or duration
- software is aware of musical structures
70
method
for score input - the type of interface that allows information to be entered
- software is not necessarily aware of musical structures such as a timeline, and/or need not be constrained by them
71
mode
for software, the manner of operation and the actions allowable
72
real time entry
entry of musical data through performance
- notation program in much the same manner as a sequencer
73
step time entry
the entry of musical data in non real time
- user enters a note and the entry cursor moves forward the correct rhythmic duration to the location of the next entry point
74
QWERTY keyboard
traditionally laid out computer or typewriter keyboard
75
Clavier keyboard
a music keyboard such as found on piano, harpsichord, organ, or clavichord
76
MusicXML
a protocol for the exchange of music notation information between notation programs
- allows different notation programs to exchange files without losing info (like slurs, articulations, crescendo)
77
Open score format
protocol for the exchange of files containing music notation, audio and video, html code, and MIDI data
- makes use of MusicXML
78
ETF (enigma transportable file)
text based file exchange format that allows for the exchange of Finale files via email without being corrupted
79
Scorch
limited online editor viewer designed to support commercial distribution of music scores
80
Finale Viewer
a limited online editor viewer designed to support commercial distribution of music scores
81
Music notation software
programs that allow a user to display symbols in a meaningful manner so that they can be interpreted as performance instructions by musicians
82
Common Practice Period (CPP) notation
staves, pitches, rhythms, performance markings
83
Cost/benefit ratio
amount of work it takes to develop and market software and the expected return (benefit) that the developer receives
84
hardware and operating system
place restrictions on what is or isn't possible for a user
85
Mouse entry
select a note duration from a menu and then click on the staff in the desired pitch location
86
MIDI files
common method of exchanging music data between programs
87
Scorch & Finale Viewer
free downloadable program that runs in a web browser, allowing users to view and make minor changes
88
Open score
printed scores where each part has its own staff
89
score order
how instruments are organized on a staff (for a score)
90
MIDI
musical instrument digital interface
91
Protocol
an agreed upon manner or method of communicating
92
Controller
device for generating data to trigger or alter settings on another MIDI device
- equipment that generates MIDI messages
93
MIDI message
information sent from one MIDI device to another containing instructions
94
Master
primary controller in a MIDI setup
95
Slave
MIDI device that receives data from a master controller
96
Note on
MIDI message indicating that a specific note is to be turned on (1001)
97
Note off
MIDI message indicating that a specific note is to be turned off (1000)
98
Velocity
measure of how fast a key has been pressed (volume measurement for that particular note)
99
Patch
synthesized or sampled instrument or timbre
- predefined virtual instrument
100
Program change
instruction that will change the patch being played on a channel
101
Sequencer
Hardware/software that can record and play back MIDI messages
102
General MIDI (GM)
standardized specification for MIDI devices defining available timbres and channels
103
General MIDI sound set
standardized collection of 128 timbres for use in general MIDI
104
reserved
restricting the use of particular MIDI key numbers or channels to specific patches
105
Mapped
assigning a specific response or patch to specific MIDI key numbers
106
Aftertouch
MIDI messages caused by changes or pressure to a clavier key after it has been depressed
- info about how hard we continue to press down on the key
107
Virtual instrument
instrument that exists in a software form only, controlled by hardware or software interfaces or controllers
- act like hardware synthesizers (can be controlled by MIDI signals sent from sequencers, live performance or various software programs)
108
Clavier keyboard
keyboard resembling a piano or organ keyboard (as opposed to a keyboard on a computer)
109
MIDI-IN
receives data
110
MIDI-OUT
transmits data generated by the synthesizer
111
MIDI-THRU
passes data on that is received from other synthesizers
112
DIN plug
dive contact connector for MIDI
113
Piano roll notation
music notation that uses the length of line segments to indicate duration, and height above x axis to indicate pitch
114
event list
list of musical events for midid playback, containing note ons and offs, velocity, patch changes and continuous controller data such as volume and pitchbend
115
Common practice music notation
symbols and protocols generally used to present music based on western music pitch, harmonic and rhythmic practices
116
MIDI import
to bring in MIDI data to a program
117
MIDI export
to save data in a standard MIDI format that can be read by other programs
118
Tick
smallest unit of time in a MIDI record mode (often set to 960 ticks per quarter note)
119
Tuplet
division of a beat into equal subdivisions not usually permitted by the time signature
120
Quantization
changing note/MIDI event onsets and/or durations to fit specific beats, subbeats and note values
- forcing note onsets, durations and releases to line up with a grid
121
Click track
digital metronome that plays during recording (but is not recorded) to assist in keeping time
122
step time recording
use a connected clavier or other MIDI input device or an on-screen clavier to enter your music data
123
INDEX in event list
indicates order of data (each line is a MIDI message)
124
POSITION in event list
gives measure.beat.tick position
125
LENGTH in event list
duration in measure.beat.ticks
126
CHANNEL in event list
which of the 16 channels the MIDI message will be sent on
127
TYPE in event list
kind of MIDI message (ie. note)
128
PARAMETER in event list
ie. pitch class and octave (ie. C4)
129
VALUE in event list
velocity (loudness) of the note
130
Ticks
division of quarter note (how many ticks into the beat the onset of the note occurs)
