chapter 17- Flashcards
Font
a typeface used in printing text, music and symbols
glyph
specific font symbol
- graphic symbols used in font typefaces
serifs
projections on the end of letter strokes that make it easier to read when printed
serif font
typeface that uses serifs
sans serif
typeface lacking serifs
gothic
sans serif font
roman
serif font
mapping
associating or imposing the value or attributes of one thing on another
ASCII
American standard code for information interchange - character encoding scheme
UTF-8
Universal Transformation Format-8: replacement system for ASCII coding
Part extraction
creation of individual parts from a full score
- extracting individual parts from a score and preparing them for use in rehearsal and performance
Global parameters
musical instructions that are common to and required on all parts in the score
- ie. title, composer, time sig, tempo markings, rehearsal letters (double bars and repeat signs usally global)
Local parameters
musical instructions that are specific to the part (instrument or location) being prepared
- dynamics, articulations, accents, muting instructions, special effects, cues
Cues
small notes in a part indicating the performance of other instruments
Desk
pair of string players performing one part
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
a file format able to be read/printed on any operating system
Paper weight
indication of the density of a ream of paper
- density of paper (measured in units based on the weight of a ream - 500 sheets - of a specific size)
Ream
500 sheets
Letter size
North American standard paper - 8.5 x 11”
legal size
8.5 x 14”
tabloid size, ledger size
11 x 17”
tabloid is 17” high and ledger is 17” wide
true type glyphs
made up of outlines with control points that can be scaled to the different font sizes requested by user (avoids jagged edges and irregular curves when changing font size)
Open type fonts
more sophisticated version of true type
- responsive to increasing resolutions of printing system
- support design of typefaces for non-western typography
Postscript fonts
generally supported by windows operating systems
- require postscript printer when printing directly from notation program
inside desk
performer furthest from audience in a desk (turns pages)
Voicing
how notes of a chord are placed vertically
Doubling
when a 3 note chord has one pitch duplicated for SATB writing
Instrumentation
set of instruments in an ensemble
Orchestration
how different instruments are assigned to different parts of a musical passage to create interesting timbres of effects
Family
group of instruments with the same type of sound producing mechanism
Score order
the common top-to-bottom way of laying out parts in a musical score
Spot/spotting
to go through a film (ie. with the director) and decide on where music will be used and what type of music is appropriate
Diagetic/source music
music that comes from onscreen action
- heard from an on-screen band or radio or tv
- music part of the scene that characters in the film would hear
Non-diagetic/underscore/score
the film soundtrack
- film characters don’t hear
Diagetic switch
when diagetic music becomes non-diagetic (or vice versa)
Cue
can refer to a phrase of music or to a timepoint in the film where music is needed
hit/hit point
specific point in the film that is accented by music
theme
main or primary melody of a film or character of scene
leitmotif
short, musical passage that is affiliated with particular person, idea/situation
Mickey Mousing
having the music imitate the action
Stems
short sections of music that are a mix of several track and which can be pulled into a DAW’s tracks for use
Temp tracks
Temporary music that is added to a film at the beginning of the compositional process to give an idea of the type of music/emotion wanted for the scene
film scoring libraries
collections of recorded music for use in films
post-production
editing, processing and mixing of film/video and sound that occurs after the initial recording
stock music
pre-composed music available for purchase or licensing
Wilds
sounds recorded on set which will be synced in the film in post-production
- can include voices for dubbing, environmental sounds, effects etc
Server
handles distribution (ie. of webcast)
looks after the connections and speed of delivery
buffers the webcast data as it comes from encoding - handles connection requests from audience, determines proper stream to send in answer to the request
Webcast
streamed broadcast as opposed to a downloaded file
streamed media presentation delivered to one or more recipients (live or pre-recorded for on-demand delivery)
bandwidth
amount of data that can be delivered in a set amount of time, usually measured as the number of bits per second (or Mb/s)
URL
uniform/universal resource locator - address of a website
hyperlink
short text indicating the URL of a website
Creation
live component of a webcast
Production
capture component of a webcast
Encoding
compression and reduction of data size for webcasting
Connection
way a recipient accesses a webcast
distribution
software/hardware used to broadcast a webcast
hannel
data stream associated with a specific URL
Pixel
Picture element
CCD
Charge Coupled Device - type of image sensor in a camera
CMOS
Complimnetary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor: type of image sensor in a camer
photosite
individual light sensitive element in a digital image sensor
Phi phenomenon
phenomenon in which our brain perceives motion when presented with multiple still images
Persistence of vision
phenomenon that our retina continues to perceive an image after the image no longer enters the eye
Video codec
video compressor-decompressor
video format
wrapper for video data
specification for how the wrapper or container holds the compressed file
Provide the container in which to put all the different types of data
Stream
to send data in real time from a server to a client computer
server
system that handles delivery of audio/video data over the internet
Client
Computer that makes requests and receives data from a server
Channel
specific URL carrying a stream of data (affected by the number of people connected)
Connection request
What happens when someone clicks on the hyperlink to your webcast
a message from a remote system asking to be connected to a data stream
- checks to see what the highest supportable bit rate is (bandwidth) and begins to stream data to the receiving connection
Buffering
act of loading the incoming audio/video material into memory so that it can be smoothly sent out in the webcast
HTML
HyperText Markup Language - protocol for describing the structure and layout of web pages
- script language that is used as the basis for web pages
- special kind of text document that is used by Web browsers to present text and graphics
- script (not compiled code)
- AKA webpage
Hypertext
type of database where text, images, sound, programs, and so forth can be linked or connected to each other
Markup language
method of annotating and specifying layout and style of text in a file ie. HTML
Hyperlink
word, phrase or image that connects to another webpage or another section in the same webpage
header
first section of an HTML document containing information about the title, style sheets and scripts
Body
section of HTML document that holds the markup text with visible content
Script
programming language that carries out or automates a series of sequential non-compiled commands
- run by another program (such as a browser rather than by the computer’s central processor)
- Apple Scripts are commands that invoke common actions such as opening a file, bringing a window to the front, copying text from an open window etc
Code
software program that is compiled and run by a computer’s central processing unit (CPU)
Compile
convert human-readable text (words and math symbols) into machine language or binary code for use by a computer system
Scripted language
computer language that makes use of scripts
Compiled language
a computer language that first must be translated to machine code (compiled) in order for the software to run
Style sheet
set of rules defining style of web documents fonts, font sizes, dimensions, values and structure
CSS
Cascading Style Sheets - style sheet language that describes how a web document appears
- deals with appearance (not the actual HTML content)
Quick Response (QR) code
square (special type of) barcode holding information such as a URL, text message, telephone number etc
- hold far more data than a UPC
- easily readable by mobile devices
- squares filled with small patterns of black and white squares
- ie. useful for directing to websites (concert info, schedules, bios, downloadable applications)
Quiet Zone
band of white that outlines QR codes allowing applications/scanners to read the QR code without interference from a background image
- makes easier for scanners to find boundaries of the images
Dropbox
internet-based repository that supports the sharing of digital information with either restricted or public access
Webpage
online document conveying various types of info
Computer code
Sets of instructions that must be compiled before they can run
Compiling
when commands written as text are converted into numbers that can be understood by the computer
Computer scripts
instructions that do not need to be compiled
Barcodes
allow for digital scanning (long been used in commercial environments)
- UPCs (Universal Product Codes) - on almost all items sold at supermarkets
Focal length
distance from lens to image sensor
- affects how large image is when it strikes image sensor to be recorded (affects field of view)
- shorter focal length = wider field of view
Aperture
opening in a lens through which light enters
- controls how bright the image is and controls the depth of field (amount of image that is in focus)
Field of view
how much of a scene is visible through a lens
Depth of field
amount of a scene that is in focus from front to back
f-stop
measure of lens “speed” or sensitivity
Shot
section of a video from when recording started to when it ended
Pan
pivot camera horizontally while recording
Tilt
pivot camera vertically while recording
Digital zoom
image data from part of the camera’s sensor is copied and then image is resampled and data is interpolated between the existing data points
Optical zoom
focal length is changed so that the subject takes up more or less of the field of view
Zoom
keep camera in one location while changing the lens setting to make the image larger or smaller
- camera remains stationary and lens settings are changed to make an image appear larger or smaller
White balance
calibration of the camera so that colour appears properly
Shutter
circuit that camples colour values of the image sensor
Shutter effect
created by sampling voltage levels several times per second
Shutter speed
how many times a second an image is sampled
Jump cut
change of video shot without a transition
Transition
crossfade or similar effect providing a smooth change from one shot to the next
Interpolation
fitting new data in between known data points
Framing
Manner in which a subject is placed within the viewing area of the lens
Storyboard
cartoon-like depiction of what action will be shot from what angles
Memory card
removable digital storage device commonly used in still and video cameras
H.264
Specific video codec
- AKA (?) MPEG4 - newer standard for video codecs where resultant files take up considerably less space/bandwidth than older MPEG4 video codecs
- handles video for devices ranging in size from cells to broadcast systems
- one of the codecs used for BluRay discs
HDV
high definition video
MPEG4
Moving Pictures Experts group
- very fast and efficient codec for reducing file size while maintaining quality
- designed so that files can be streamed over the internet, used on DVDs and used for high definition TV broadcasting
- identifiable by .mp4 suffix
AVCHD
Advanced Video Codec High Definition
.mp4
video format
video mode
video/video display system resolution – # of pixels per line : # of vertical scan lines
- second # has i or p (when applicable)
interlaced
video displayed using two successive frames at a time on alternating scan lines
- combines 2 frames and displays one frame on the odd # lines and the other frame on the even # lines
- before improvements in shutter and computer speeds this was helpful in order to project info from double the number of frames and make for a smoother transition
progressive
video displayed using a single frame for all scan lines
- projects image by displaying a single frame starting at the top and progressively working downwards
keyframe/intrafram
video frame in which data from the entire frame is stored (all pixel values)
- single frame of video that contains info about all the pixels in the frame
Inbetweens
frames containing data that is different from the most recent keyframe
- in these, the codec only records data that differs from the last frame (the rest of the data is filled in by the key frame)
Aspect ratio
ratio of width to heigh for display systems
- proportions of the display screen for images
Letterbox
display method of showing 16:9 images on 4:3 systems so to avoid distortion
- black bars across top and bottom of screen (horizontal black strips)
Pillarbox
display method of showing 4:3 images on 16:9 systems so to avoid distortion
- black bars added on the sides (vertical black strips like a pillar)
Cinemascope
aspect ratio(s) of 2.35:1, or even wider
VGA
Video Graphics Array: analog video connector
- 15 pin connector
- carries analog signals (carries voltages like a microphone connector, rather than carrying digital data)
DVI
Digital Visual Interface video connector
- comes in 5 different configurations (not all compatible due to their pin configurations or the data they pass on)
- carry digital data (not analog voltage signals)
HDMI
High-Definition Multimedia Interface: connector capable of carrying both audio and video digital data/signals
- comes in more than one configuration
USB-C
Universal Serial Bus connector - can transmit digital data (audio, video, etc) as well as power to devices
- becoming common on laptops (replacing HDMI outputs on many)
MPEG4
Moving Pictures Experts group
- very fast and efficient codec for reducing file size while maintaining quality
- designed so that files can be streamed over the internet, used on DVDs and used for high definition TV broadcasting
