Chapters 9-12 And Films Flashcards
Gross motor skills
Age 6 to7 - hop, jump, climb, pedal, and balance bicycle
Age 8 to 10 - develop balance, coordination, and strength
Reaction time
Improves (decreases) from early childhood to about age 18, but there are individual differences
Fine Motor skills
6 to 7 age - tie shoelaces, hold pencils like adults, zip zippers, brush teeth, wash themselves, use chopsticks
Improves throughout childhood
Concrete - operational stage
Age 7 to 12 - thought is reversible and flexible, less egocentric and are able to engage in decentration, understand law of conservation, increased relational concepts: transitivity and seriation, cannot think abstractly or hypothetical
Decentration
The ability to focus on multiple aspects of a problem
Transitivity
The principle that if A > B and B> C, then A> C.
Seriation
Placing objects in a series according to a trait
Sensory memory AKA sensory register
Lasts a fraction of a second, present for all senses
Working memory AKA short-term memory
Can last up to 30 secs if there is focus on the stimulus in sensory memory
Promote memory includes
Encode visual stimuli as sounds, rehearsing
Long term memory
May last days, years, or a lifetime, vast storehouse of information containing names, dates, places, becomes organized according to categories
Elaborating strategy
Relate new material to material they already know
Vocabulary and grammar
Age 6 - vocabulary at 10k words
Age 7 to 9 - realize words can have different meanings
Can understand passive language
Use connectives (conjunctions)
Do bilingual children encounter more academic problems than monolingual children?
No, most linguists consider it advantageous for children to be bilingual because it contributes to the complexity of the child’s cognitive processes.
Self concept in middle childhood
It gradually evolves, can be seen how they describe themselves, but less positive in descriptions and increasingly compare themselves to others
9 year old - list several physical characteristics
11 year old - will include relationships
Self- esteem
Evaluate themselves changes over time
Young preschoolers – see themselves as generally “good at doing stuff” or not
5 to 7 year – judge their performance in several areas
Learned Helplessness
Low self-esteem in academics can lead to an acquired belief that one cannot obtain rewards
“Helpless” children traits
Tend to quit following failure
Believe that success is due more to ability than to effort
Is there anything we can do to prevent a learned helplessness orientation?
Yes! According to Carol Dweck, there is which is attribution retraining
Attribution retraining
intervention where helpless children persuaded to attribute failures to lack of effort rather than lack of ability.
Growth mindset vs Fixed mindset
Growth mindset - intelligence can be developed
Fixed mindset - intelligence is fixed
Parent - child relationships
Coregulation - control gradually transferred from parent to child
Children and parents spend less together
10 to 12 year - tend to evaluate parents more harshly than they did in early childhood
Peer relationships
Peers are more influential than family during middle childhood.
Peers help with, practicing cooperation, relating to leaders, coping with aggressive impulses, appropriate impulses
Peers important for comparing feelings and experiences, helping friends to understand that they are not alone.
Peer acceptance and rejection
Children more likely to be rejected by peers display behavioral/learning problems, are aggressive, disrupt group activities
Acceptance or rejection very important in childhood because Problems with peers affect later adjustment
Reinforcement and modeling therapies
Reinforcement - praise wanted behavior
Modeling therapies - model the behavior and explain why
Cognitive Approaches to Social Skills Training
Coaching and Role-taking skills
School has a powerful influence on development such as
Social and cognitive development, IQ scores, achievement motivation, career aspirations, competitive environment can good or bad
Kindergarten teachers report kids are coming to school unprepared
Lack of language skills, poor healthcare, inadequate stimulation, and lack of support from parents place children at risk
What characteristics make an elementary school effective?
-Active, energetic principal
–Atmosphere that is orderly - not oppressive
–Empowered teachers involved in decision-making
–Teachers who have high expectations that children will learn
–Curriculum that emphasizes academics
–Frequent assessment of student performance
–Empowered students who participate in goal setting, making decisions, and engaging in cooperative learning activities
Teachers impact on children learning
Teachers with high expectations influence achievement.
•Students learn more when actively instructed.
•Negative responses such as criticism, ridicule, threat, or punishment impede learning.
•Children learn best in pleasant, friendly atmosphere.
Puberty: the biological eruption
The stage of development characterized by reaching sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce is known as puberty
Feedback loop
- Hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> hormones that control physical growth and the gonads
- Gonads respond to pituitary hormones by increasing production of sex hormones
- Sex hormones further stimulate the hypothalamus, perpetrating the feed back loop
Primary sex characteristics
Involved in reproduction
Females: ovaries, vagina, uterus, and Fallopian tubes
Males: penis, testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles
Secondary sex characteristics
Not directly involved in reproduction
Breast development, deepening of the male voice, and the appearance of facial, pubs, and underarm hair
Changes in boys
Pituitary gland stimulates testes to increase testosterone output - further development of male genitals
11 1/2 year - first signs of puberty accelerates growth of testes
14 to 15 year - underarm/ facial hair, voice deepens (larynx)
Male erections infrequent until 13 or 14
Age 15 ejaculatory emissions contain mature sperm
Changes in girls
Pituitary gland signal ovaries to increase estrogen production at puberty
8 or 9 - estrogen stimulates growth of breast tissue (breast buds), full size in 3 year, mammary glands = organs that help produce milk
11 year - adrenal glands produce small amounts of androgens - underarm and pubic hair
Estrogen causes the labia, vagina, and uterus to develop during puberty
Between 11 to 14 - menarche (1st period)
Regulation of the menstrual cycle
Estrogen and progesterone levels regulate the menstrual cycle
Ovulation typically begins 12 to 18 months after menarche
Average menstrual cycle is 28 days
What are the leading causes of death in adolescence?
For both males and females 15-24 leading causes of death are accidents, suicide, homicide
Death rate differs depending upon whether male or female, why?
Male are more risk takers
Eating disorders
Girls are more prone to eating disorders
Age 3 - prefer thin body ideal
Early grade school - body image declines
Preteens - dieting common
Adolescence - very concerned with weight/ appearance
Anorexia nervosa
Female to male ratio is 10 to 1
Fear of gaining weight, restrictive eating, excessive exercise
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating and then throwing it up
What is connected to eating disorders?
depression and genetics
Formal operations
Begin 11 to 12 years old
Thinks more flexibly and hypothetical
Hypothetical thinking
Adolescents develop concept of “what might be” rather than “what is”
Sophisticated use of symbols
Ability to manipulate symbols, can analyze metaphors in literature
Adolescent egocentrism
Imaginary audience - think they are always on stage and everyone is looking at their flaws
Personal fable - they believe they are the only one to experience what they are going through
What is forest kindergarten?
A 2 year public school program where children ages 4 to 7 are out in the forest everyday, rain or shine
What are some comments from parents about the forest kindergarten?
Chance to learn about nature, scared, anxious, shocked, be able to learn and make mistakes
Dr. Krauthammer compares children who attend forest kindergarten to those who dont, what are the outcomes?
Forest kindergarten are more interested in life around them, motor skills are better
Dr. Guddemi comments on children and recess
Children learn skills outdoor that they can’t indoor
Skills outdoor - social, negotiate, problem solve, get along with others. Those skills make a children be successful
Benefits of forest kindergarten
Learning how to social, how to deal with conflict, and how to be people. Can play with anything, imagination is better
Do we have forest kindergarten in the US?
Yes, but they are rare.
