Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 314 > Chapters 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapters 9 & 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is Prosocial Behavior?

A

Behavior intended to benefit another, even if there is no benefit to ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the crucial difference between internal and external rewards?

A

Whether it is expected inside or outside yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do we value more internal or external rewards?

A

Internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is internal person reward?

A

Sending aid anonymously, so getting a reward without receiving any outside reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are external rewards?

A

Doing something for outside recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do we use helping to increase social status and approval?

A

Because helping is viewed positively across human cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four goals of prosocial behavior?

A

Improve basic welfare, increase social status and approval, manage self-image, manage moods and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is personal vs. genetic survival?

A

People will accept personal risks and losses they increase inclusive fitness, we will be willing to risk out own survival to increase chances genes/relations survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is reciprocal aid?

A

More likely to help family with genes similar to you so they will survive in comparison to strangers (helping to get help)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Survival of ones genes in ones own offspring and in any relatives one helps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do cooperators get more advantages than uncooperators?

A

More likely to get something in return than if they didn’t help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the learning process?

A

People can be educated to what behavior is and isn’t acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the relation between cultures and norms?

A

Different cultures have different norms for who they invite in the home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is one of many ways of increasing helping?

A

By convincing people we are alike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the expanded sense of “we”?

A

We help those we believe are in our inner circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an egoistic interpretation?

A

Egotistic motives may determine whether an individual helps but empathetic/arousal reducing reasons may no longer play a deciding role once person feels concern for the victim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens with an egoistic interpretation?

A

Cultural motivation to help is no longer selfish but truly altruistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Can pure altruism exist?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is ensuring survival of genes?

A

Empathy stimulates helping b/c it informs us that recipient of our concern has large % of our genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a greater sense of identity?

A

Take on others perspectives to feel greater sense of oneness in ourselves or another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can you increase the experience of empathy?

A

Linked to genetic similarity, due to emotion that comes from things like empathetic familial communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the empathy-altruism sequence?

A

When one emphasizes with the plight of another, one will want to help that other for altruistic reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is perspective taking?

A

Mentally putting oneself in anothers position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is empathetic concern?

A

Compassionate feelings caused by taking the perspective of a needy other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does empathy have a strong connection to?

A

Prosocial action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is pure altruism?

A

Action motivated only by concern for others welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is empathy?

A

Putting one in cognitive process (in anothers shoes) and emotional result of that action (shift from selfish to selfless)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the first step in the process of empathy?

A

Perceived similarity between us & another, familial tie, or instructions to take others perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the second step in empathy?

A

Perspective taking (if other is in distress) causes empathetic concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the third step in empathy?

A

Empathetic concern leads to altruistic motivation –> pure altruism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a gourmet?

A

Person who reacts with uncommon disdain/relish to an item depending on quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to a gourmet in mood?

A

Saddened take this approach because they are selective and discriminating, choosing what is rewarding and avoiding what is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a gourmand?

A

Hearty appetite but indiscriminate taste, eager to take part in what the environment provides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens with a gourmand and mood?

A

Elated people want to help regardless of the rewards involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are gourmets and gourmands?

A

Elated people like and trust people more easily, elated people remember/think about more (+) and (-) features, happy people are happy helpers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the ability of a helping act to influence mood?

A

If you thought nothing could cheer you up, you wouldn’t want to help (helping action can improve mood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are cost/benefits?

A

Want to decrease mood through helping but to find the least painful routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens with cost/benefits with sad people?

A

People who start sad are sensitive to the costs/benefits of helping, saddened individuals are more choosy and look to relieve mood rather than deepen it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the presence of sadness?

A

Prosocial action can raise one’s mood, temp, people with sadness help more and use it to feel better again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the mood management hypothesis?

A

People use helping to manage their moods (usually sadness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the arousal/cost–reward model?

A

Helping removes unpleasant arousal that comes from witnessing a victim’s suffering (helping would eliminate cause: victim’s plight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is strong arousal?

A

The more negative arousal produced by a situation the more helping it creates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the “we” connection?

A

More willing to help someone they share an identity/similarity with, observers more aroused by plight of someone they are connected with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the definition of the arousal cost reward model?

A

View that observers of a victims suffering will want to relieve their personal stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are small costs and large rewards?

A

More helping not produced if helping act is more unpleasant than helping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What do low cost high reward people do with helping?

A

Reduce negative emotion prosocially, as cost of helping increases they are less likely to help and more likely to flee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

One has less than the others to whom one compares themself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is poverty in aggression?

A

When people are under financial stress they are more likely to be aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is sweltering heat and aggression?

A

Violent behaviors more likely during hot weather because of more people out and about, and fueling of unpleasant feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is pain and aggression?

A

When feeling pain people become more aggressive due to the unpleasant feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are feelings of arousal and irritability?

A

Aggression can be fueled by any form of unpleasant arousal, whether aggression is present or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the excitation-transfer theory?

A

Anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and than any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does emotional anger produce?

A

The same responses as arousal does in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is chronic irritability?

A

Extreme irritability, or feeling irritable for an extended period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is Type A personality?

A

Group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness, that is associated with higher risk for coronary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

Aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-oriented behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the two points of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

When seeing someone being aggressive they were previously frustrated, when someone is frustrated, some act of aggression will surely follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the original hypothesis?

A

Aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the reformulated hypothesis?

A

Any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is frustration linked to?

A

Linked only to emotional aggression (anger) not instrumental aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When does frustration lead to aggression?

A

When it generates negative feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Does frustration always lead to aggressive behavior?

A

No, it may or it may not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is displacement?

A

Indirect expression of aggressive impulse away from person/animal that elicited it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is catharsis?

A

Discharge of aggressive impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the catharsis-aggression theory?

A

Aggressive impulses build up inside a person and need to be released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the first function of aggression?

A

Cope with feelings of annoyance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the second function of aggression?

A

Gain material and social rewards

68
Q

What is the third function of aggression?

A

Gain/maintain social status

69
Q

What is the fourth function of aggression?

A

Protect oneself/members of ones group

70
Q

What is the death instinct?

A

Innate pull to end ones life

71
Q

What is the death and destruction instinct?

A

We re-direct our self-destructive instinct to the destruction of other people

72
Q

Are humans programmed to be blindly aggressive?

A

No

73
Q

What is one strategy for survival and reproduction?

A

Aggression

74
Q

What is aggression and adaptive goals?

A

Aggression is never a goal in itself, aggressive behavior is designed to serve some function

75
Q

When do people use aggression?

A

only when all other methods have failed

76
Q

What are the three criteria for defining behavior?

A
77
Q

What is assertiveness?

A

Behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

78
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A

Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation (gossip)

79
Q

What is direct aggression?

A

Behavior intended to hurt someone face-to-face (striking, kicking, biting)

80
Q

What is emotional aggression?

A

Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings (throwing a chair at someone in a blind rage)

81
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Hurting another to accomplish some other (nonaggressive) goal (tripping a rival star soccer player before his game)

82
Q

What is aggression?

A

Behavior intended to injure another, not always related to feelings of anger

83
Q

What is common assumption?

A

Men are more aggressive than females (false),

84
Q

What do sex differences depend on?

A

How you define and measure aggression

85
Q

What happens if asking for help damages our self-esteem?

A

We won’t ask for help

86
Q

What is the exception for wanting someone to succeed?

A

As long as it doesn’t damage how we view ourselves

87
Q

How do we try to maintain self-esteem?

A

by helping less

88
Q

what happens with self-focus?

A

If you are focused on a personal problem, self-focus would orient you away from your value of helping, making aid less likely

89
Q

What do positive labels do?

A

they help us think more positively

90
Q

What is the difference between person and social norms?

A

Approval/disapproval come from inside rather than outside the person

91
Q

what is the person?

A

Standard for appropriate behavior inside individuals, not in moral rules of culture

92
Q

what are religious codes of conduct?

A

Because religions are expected to help we might expect more help from them because of the codes and values they live by

93
Q

What are the two principle ways people manage their self-image?

A

Enhance and verify

94
Q

what is enhance?

A

feel need for an ego boost you can do someone a good turn and increase self-image

95
Q

What is verifying?

A

Not to enhance self-concept but to verify yourself

96
Q

who is more likely to help?

A

Depends on whether conformity is approved to be masculine or feminine in the situation

97
Q

what is the first type of evidence?

A

Lists of helpers in our society who have committed heroic acts for others

98
Q

what is the second type of evidence?

A

Studies of aid, men help more often then women

99
Q

why does helping take place?

A

Interactions between factors in person & situation associated with goal of gaining status and approval

100
Q

What are the differences in traits for genders in helping?

A

Men: daring, forceful, and directed to those deserving
Women: nurturing, supportive, and focused on needs of relationships

101
Q

What kind of aid are women more likely to provide?

A

Indirect

102
Q

What kind of aid are men more likely to provide?

A

Direct

103
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Less likely to help in emergency situations if onlookers are present

104
Q

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

A

Each group member dilutes personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members

105
Q

when does the victim become less dependent on us for aid?

A

If presence of others diffuses helping responsibility to those others which weakens obligation to the norm

106
Q

Why do observers fail to help?

A

Because they are unsure not unkind

107
Q

When are people are more likely to obey a norm?

A

Immediately after something has made it more prominent

108
Q

What are helping models?

A

Learning to help from those around us

109
Q

what are the two ways the sight of others helping can influence us?

A

Observation go others is frequently the way people learn conduct, serve as a reminder for a norm

110
Q

What is the relationship between population and helping?

A

Cities are less helpful places, density rather than size affects helping

111
Q

What is the social responsibility norm?

A

People should help those who need them to help, help those that are dependent on us for help

112
Q

What does the fear of social disapproval suppress?

A

Assistance, especially in troubling types of potential emergencies

113
Q

What happens when bystanders act alarmed?

A

They increase the likelihood of aid and vice versa

114
Q

When are bystanders more likely to help?

A

When a person is clearly in danger even when helping might be dangerous to themselves

115
Q

What is the approval of prosocial action most relevant to?

A

Goal of gaining social status and approval

116
Q

What is the helping norm?

A

If there are people in need we should help them if we can if not we get a slap on the wrist

117
Q

what is the cognitive neoassociation theory?

A

Any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, negative thoughts/emotions

118
Q

What can the effects of neoassociation be expressed as?

A

Aggression or flight

119
Q

What is the weapons effect?

A

Tendency for weapons such as guns to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions

120
Q

How does the weapon effect increase aggression?

A

By priming aggressive associations (when already angry these associations increase likelihood of retaliation)

121
Q

What are direct rewards?

A

Buying someone ice cream for winning a fight (direct reward for behavior)

122
Q

What is watching others?

A

Observing others rewarded for aggression

123
Q

What is the social learning theory in regard to rewarding violence?

A

Aggression is learned through direct reward or watching others being rewarded for aggressions

124
Q

When is the social learning theory particularly applicable?

A

Instrumental aggression

125
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

Violence is cool and calculated for personal gain

126
Q

What is non-empathetic?

A

Highly empathetic people “put themselves in others shoes” and are consumed with guilt over hurting another

127
Q

What is alcohol intoxications impact?

A

Alcohol can turn off normal empathetic feelings, removes normal restraints on negative behavior (concerns of negative consequences that follow not there)

128
Q

What is a psychopath?

A

Lack of empathy, impulsivity, irresponsibility, high self-worth, lack of sensitivity to punishment, inclined toward acting violently for personal gain

129
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Statistical combination of results from different studies of same topic

130
Q

What is prevention by removing threats?

A

Replacing a threat with something more prosocial, gun control

131
Q

What are legal punishments?

A

Deterrence, prevention by removing threats

132
Q

What needs to happen for punishment to lower aggressive behavior?

A

Immediate, strong, and consistent

133
Q

What is focusing on more socially acceptable behaviors?

A

Reward good behavior not bad, get points when good lose points when bad

134
Q

What is stage 1 in self-management?

A

Preparing for provocation (I can mange this situation)

135
Q

What is stage 2 in self-management?

A

Confronting the provocation (You don’t need to prove yourself)

136
Q

What is stage 3 in self-management?

A

Coping with the arousal and agitation (Time to relax and slow things down)

137
Q

What is stage 4 in self-management?

A

Reflecting on the provocation (I could have been a lot worse)

138
Q

What are the 3 stages to hostility?

A

Cognition, excitation (affect), behavior

139
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Believing that something will happen makes it true

140
Q

What is guns in the home?

A

Bought for self-defense more likely to be used on people toy know and increase likelihood of suicide and being killed

141
Q

What is defensive attributional style?

A

Notice threats and interpret other peoples behavior as intended to do one harm

142
Q

What is the effect/danger ratio?

A

Assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced against likely dangers

143
Q

What are everyday triggers?

A

Common things that trigger threat responses

144
Q

What is glammorized violence in the media?

A

media teaches aggressive behavior may lead to rewards

145
Q

What are correlational studies?

A

Correlations do not prove causality, even when many factors removed/tested relationship between violent behavior and television remained

146
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

Suggested that more violent TV leads to more aggressive behavior in children

147
Q

What happens in both correlational and experimental studies with aggression?

A

If people are exposed to models who act aggressively and get rewards, they will learn to imitate the aggressive behavior of the models

148
Q

What is the relation with video games and violence?

A

High exposure to violent video games increased brain waves indicating desensitization to violent images, increased arousal and antisocial delinquency

149
Q

What does the relationship between violence and video games suggest?

A

Desensitization to real world suffering

150
Q

What is the relationship between pornography and slasher films?

A

Glamorize violent things like rape, tolerance of sexual harassment and lead men to act more violently towards women

151
Q

What is glamorization?

A

Make aggression seem more rewarding, some choose glamorized situations of violence while others avoid them depends on which initial differences are magnified

152
Q

What is differential parental investment?

A

Animals make higher investments in their offspring will be more cautious in choosing mates (females especially)

153
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Favor characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or competing with members of own sex

154
Q

What is the role of aggression?

A

As men enter years of reproduction they become more competitive

155
Q

What is handling previous put-downs?

A

more likely to be aggressive to someone who personally slighted you

156
Q

What is the culture of honor?

A

Set of norms whose central idea is that people should be ready to defend their honor with retaliation if necessary

157
Q

What happens when status matters?

A

increases when females are harder to come by so men would need to compete more

158
Q

What happens with people with high self-esteem?

A

More likely to act aggressively since they have more to lose

159
Q

What is the competition for mates?

A

Violence isn’t attracted but it increases status among other men and in turn increases attractiveness to women (aggress to impress)

160
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

Raised by competition/sexual behavior,

161
Q

What happens with less testosterone?

A

Men are less aggressive and sexually aroused

162
Q

What do high levels of testosterone encourage?

A

Behavior intended to dominate, enhance status, indirect influence on aggression due to motivation to dominate others

163
Q

Helping behavior appears on the surface to be at odds with evolution: helping someone else such as giving food, might endanger one’s own survival. What best clarifies this issue?

A

The actions of the individual are not so much designed to ensure that the individual will survive as to ensure that the genes of the individual will survive

164
Q

According to evolutionary theory, people are more likely to help those to
whom they are genetically related. Which of the following cues do people
use to determine genetic relatedness?

A

Similarity in appearance, similarity in attitudes, familiarity (all of the above)

165
Q

Experiments conducted by Darley and Latané demonstrated that the greater
the number of people who witness a victim in an emergency,

A

the less likely it is that any one observer will help.

166
Q

When is meta-analysis used?

A

To establish statistical significance with studies that have conflicting results

167
Q

What is the difference between aggression and assertiveness?

A

Assertive behavior is all about standing up for yourself, but aggression usually involves threatening, attacking, or (to a lesser degree) ignoring others

PSYCH 314 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions