Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 100 > Chapters 8-12 > Flashcards

Chapters 8-12 Flashcards

To get A on the thrid bio test!

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the genetic information stored in the cell?

A

The nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the proteins inside the nucleus called?

A

Histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What wraps around the histones until it can get inside the nucleus?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the object in the middle of a chrosome?

A

Centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long are strands of DNA?

A

2 meters long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many chrosomes do humans have? How any pairs?

A

46 Chrosomomes, 23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do you homologous pairs have in common?

A

similar shape, size, and centrome placement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is asexual sexual reproduction?

A

Budding, comes off the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is replaced in mitosis

A

somatic cells. and damaged body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two sex cells?

A

Sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are sex cells called haploids?

A

Because they only have half of the gentic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If something has its full compliment its called a …

A

diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the rule for chrosomomal pairs?

A

2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, and m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in g1 of the cell cycle?

A

Growth after the cell divdes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in S of the cell cycle?

A

DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in g2 of the cell cycle?

A

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in m of the cell cycle?

A

cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens between G1-S?

A

Interphase (makes copy of new DNA cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What controls the cell cycle

A

external signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can mutations cause?

A

tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some cancer causing things we do every day?

A
  1. The stuff we breathe, 2. Clothes we wear, and 3. Food we eat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three best know mutagentic cancer causing things?

A
  1. Radiation, 2. Organic Chemicals, 3. Certian viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give an example of radiation

A

UV Radition, gas, x rays, and emissions from nuclear power plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give an example of organic chemicals

A

herbacides, tobacco smoke, food carries chemicals, pestidcides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the stages of mitosis

A
  1. Interphase, 2.Prophase, 3. Metaphase, 4. Anaphase, 5. Telpehase/ cytokenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens in interphase of mitosis?

A

Results in replicating the DNA, (Doubling it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define the centromere

A

pairs of chrosomomes attaching point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens in the prophase stage of mitosis?

A

Chrosomes are seen, centroles come to play, migrate to the polls north-south or east to west, nuclear enevelope disspeers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens during the metaphase stage of mitosis?

A

centrioles produce spindle fibers attach at the cnetromere, chrosomes line up at center point. Centrioles have reached the polls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens during Anaphase in mitosis?

A

Cenetrioles at the centromore begin pulling chrosomes apart pulling them towards the polls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens during telephase/cytokeneis in mitosis?

A

Cytoplasm splits to create daughter cells, the two identical daughter cells have the orginial gentic information. They are chrosomomal compliments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Study the stages of mitosis to draw for test

A

Done!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the process of mesosis produce?

A

Produces sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does n stand for?

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is process of sperm and egg creating a zygote? or n+n = 2n?

A

fetizilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is mesisos responsible for?

A

Genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the two steps that makes mesios create gentetic diversity?

A
  1. Independent Assortment, 2. Crossing over
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is independent assortment

A

Chrosomes can pair together randomly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is crossing over?

A

chrosommes cross, information shifts, information crosses over to the other chrosomome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does crossing over occur?

A

propase 1 of mesios 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the steps of mesisois 1?

A

Interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, Anaphase I, and telephase and cytokensis I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A

DNA replicates, crossing over occurs, centrioles going to the polls.nuclear envelope disspeers

45
Q

Interphase 1?

A

Gentetic info doubles

46
Q

Metaphase I?

A

Chrosomes stacked on top of each other, centrioles have reached the polls.

47
Q

Anaphase I?

A

The chrosmomes pull towards the polls

48
Q

Telephase I/ Cytokeneis?

A

cytoplasm splits, two daughter cells still have gentic compliment

49
Q

What happens after telphase 1 and cytokensis?

A

Jumps right into mesosis II no interphase.

50
Q

What happens in propase II

A

Nuclear envelope disspeers, centroles migrating the polls

51
Q

Metaphase II?

A

Chrsomes stacked on top of another, centrioles at the polls

52
Q

Anapahse II?

A

Chroromes pulls towards the polls

53
Q

Telephase II/ Cytokensis?

A

cytoplasm splits creating 4 non idential daughter cells, not sperm or egg share half of the gentic information.

54
Q

Study steps of mesiois I AND II

A

DONE!

55
Q

What is important to note about mesosis II?

A

Two cells are going through the steps

56
Q

Name the differences between mitosis and mesosis

A

In mitosis there is one nuclear divison, mesosis there is 2. 2. The result of mitoisis is two identical daughter cells, in mesois 4 non idential daughter cells. 3. In prophase 1 of mesois theres is paring of chrosmomes nad crossing over, and not in mitosis.

57
Q

Who is the father of modern gentics and what did he do?

A

Gregory Mendall. Hyoptheisized plants, polinated plants. Proposed the principles of inheritance.

58
Q

What are the 4 principles of inheritance?

A
  1. inheritated traits are transmitted by genes which occur in pairs called alles.
  2. Principle of dominace
  3. Principle of segration
  4. Principle of independent assortment
59
Q

What are alles?

A

alternative forms of the same gene

60
Q

Explain the principle of dominace

A

two alternative forms of the same gene, two different alles, are present in an individual. Usually only the domiant alles is expressed.

61
Q

Give an example of homozygous domiant

A

BB

62
Q

Give an example of heterzygous

A

Bb

63
Q

Give an example of homozygous recessive

A

bb

64
Q

Explain the principel of segreation

A

when gammetes form in mesois- the two alles of each gene which are homogolous chrosomes seperate or segrate from each other and each gammete recieves only one alle for each gene.

65
Q

Explain the principle of independent assortment

A

When 2 or more traits are examined in a single cross. Each trait is inhertited without relation to the other traits.

66
Q

Define a gene

A

basic unit of heredity. A region of DNA, on a chrosome.

67
Q

Define locus

A

during human genome project- the exact location to find a specific gene on the chrosome.

68
Q

Study one hybrid and dihybrid cross

A

ok!

69
Q

What are the buildings blocks of DNA and RNA

A

DNA nucleo types

70
Q

What are the three DNA nucleo types?

A
  1. Sugar (ribose), 2. Phosphate, 3. Nitogenous base (ATCG)
71
Q

What base goes with what in DNA?

A

A goes with T, C goes with G

72
Q

Who discovered the doube helix of DNA?

A

Rosline Franklin

73
Q

What three things did scientists agree that gentic material had to have?

A
  1. DNA has to be stable enough so it can replicate. 2. Be able to store genetic information. 3. Had to be able to go through or have rare mutations which led to necessary for evoultuiona varability.
74
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

During interphase

75
Q

What are the three steps for replicating DNA?

A
  1. Seperation. 2. Complimetary base pairing, 3. Joining.
76
Q

Study how to replicate DNA

A

DONE!!!!

77
Q

What speards the DNA apart?

A

replication fork

78
Q

Where is DNA replication taking place?

A

In the nucleus

79
Q

G and C have a…

A

triple bond

80
Q

A and T have a…

A

double bond

81
Q

What is semi conservative replication?

A

When one part of the orginal is kept, and one part is new. The old form is conserved.

82
Q

What is the likeihood for errors?

A

1 in 10 billion, 3 errors

83
Q

What is a genome?

A

all of the genes in a single haploid cells

84
Q

What is the genotype?

A

TT, Tt, tt

85
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

Tall, short

86
Q

DNA creates…

A

RNA

87
Q

RNA creates…

A

proteins

88
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

A combination of 20 amino acids. All will be the same but one.

89
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

A
  1. Transcription. 2. Translation
90
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

91
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

92
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A
  1. RNA is a single strainded, DNA is a double helix. 2. DNA has AT, CG bases, RNA replaces t with u. 3. RNA has all of its oxgygens, DNA is lacking one at carbon #2
93
Q

List the three types of RNA

A
  1. rRNA. 2.tRNA. 3.mRNA
94
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

produces ribosomes.

95
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

uses information in the nucleus to make certian proteins, DNA unwinds, bases match up, area bubbles out. Mrna reads the infomration and matches it with the coressponding bases

96
Q

What step of proteins syntheis does mRNA do and why?

A

mRNA transcribed the language of DNA, and made it RNA. Takes infomation out of nucleus to ribsomal compex.

97
Q

Define a codon

A

every 3 letters in a message. Representive of a certain amino acid.

98
Q

What RNA has codons?

A

mRNA

99
Q

What carries the anticodons, and how many messages does it have?

A

tRNA,3

100
Q

Define anticodon

A

bases that match up to the bases on the condon, Carries corresponding amino acid.

101
Q

What step does tRNA use and why?

A

translation puts together the corresponding proteins.

102
Q

What are the three steps of translation?

A
  1. Initation
  2. Elongation
  3. Terminating
103
Q

How many animno acids go into the ribsomal complex?

A

3

104
Q

After 2 groups of amino acids enter the ribsomal complex, what is formed?

A

a petide bond

105
Q

Why is it elongation?

A

after the petide bond is formed, it breaks away and another one files in elongating the protein.

106
Q

What is a protein called?

A

a polypetide chain of amino acids.

107
Q

What happens when the stop codon is read?

A

last bond breaks away, left with linear protein molecule and goes rough er.

108
Q

Study last page of notes

A

OK!!!!

Bio 100 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions