chapters 7 and 8

Question 1

define conditioning

Answer 1

How we learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain. It is the process of learning by associations

2 main forms: classical conditioning, and operant conditioning

Question 2

define generalization

Answer 2

the tendency to respond likewise to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, generalizations can be adaptive

-a fear of moving cars can become a fear of other moving objects

Question 3

Define reinforcer

Answer 3

a response that strengthens a behavior

Question 4

distinguish between operant and classical conditioning

Answer 4

Operant: behavior strengthened if positive response

Classical: Pavlov

Question 5

In classical conditioning, identify unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Answer 5

unconditioned response: Unlearned, automatic response

Question 6

distinguish between positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers

Answer 6

+ reinforcer: elicits a pleasurable response

- reinforcer: removal of a negative

Question 7

Define observational learning

Answer 7

learning by observing others, cooking, sewing

Question 8

Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment

Answer 8

Negative reinforcement: taking aspirin to relieve a headache

Punishment: Taking away video games to increase grades

Question 9

Identify schedules of reinforcement, fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable interval and variable ratio with examples

Answer 9

Fixed Ratio: Fixed reward for response, paid $5 for every hour

Fixed interval: Preparing for exam only when the exam comes close

Variable Interval: Pop quiz

Variable Ratio: gambling

Question 10

define memory

Answer 10

memory: the presence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 11

define mnemonic device and give an example

Answer 11

Memory aid used to recall information

repetition, association

Question 12

Define chunking

Answer 12

organizing into meaningful units

Question 13

contrast short term and long term memory

Answer 13

short term: temporarily remembering\

long term: permanent storage, brain has unlimited capacity for this

Question 14

define flashbulb memory

Answer 14

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 15

distinguish between recognition and recall in regard to memory with examples

Answer 15

recognition: response to seeing answer (multiple choice)

Recall: finding the response in memory (fill in the blank)

Question 16

Cite Ebbinghaus’ research regarding the rate at which we forget newly learned information

Answer 16

INformation that is not used is lost

Question 17

Cite information that is most likely to be automatically encoded.

Answer 17

Surroundings, people

Question 18

Define associative learning

Answer 18

associative learning: operant and classical learning