Chapters 7-9, 11 Flashcards
Hearing a sentence and using it as a sample to form other sentences
Analogy
Modelling grammars through the use of networks consisting of simple neuronlike units connected in complex ways so that different connections vary in strength, and can be strengthened or weakened through exposure to linguistic data
Connectionism
The special intonationally exaggerated speech that some adults use to speak with small children
CDS Child Directed Speech, Baby Talk, or Motherese
The theory that the human species is genetically equipped with a universal grammar, which provides the basic design for all human languages
Innateness hypothesis
Refers to the incomplete, noisy, and unstructured utterances that children hear, including slips of the tongue, false starts, and ungrammatical and incomplete sentences, together with a lack of concrete evidence about abstract grammatical rules and structure
Impoverished Data, or Poverty of the Stimulus
The way children construct rules using their knowledge of syntactic structure irrespective of the specific words in the structure or their meaning
Structure Dependent
A constraint of universal grammar, and therefore applicable to all languages, that prohibits the movement of constituents out of a coordinate structure
Coordinate structure constraint
A syntactic structure in which two or more constituents of the same syntactic category are joined by a conjunction such as ‘and’ and ‘or’
Coordinate structure
The time during which it is proposed that native-like language proficiency can be achieved. Researchers differ as to the age marking the end to such period
Critical period
Sounds produced in the first few months after birth that gradually come to include all the sounds that occur in the language of the household. Deaf children _____ with hand gestures
Babbling
Sequence of sounds produced by a child with a relatively consistent meaning, but not necessarily based on adult word
Protowords
The stage of child language acquisition in which one word conveys a complex message similar to that of a phrase or sentence
Holophrastic
About the beginning of the second year, children produce sentences with two words with clear syntactic and semantic relations
Two-word stage
A measure applied to children’s language to gauge syntactic development; the average length of utterances is calculated in morphemes
MLU (mean length of utterances)
Utterances of children that may omit grammatical morphemes and/or function words
Telegraphic speech
The acquisition of another language or languages after first language acquisition is underway or completed
SLA second language acquisition
A term used in second language acquisition to refer to the ultimate degree of language learning achievement on the part of a given learner; particularly relevant in discussions on the effect of age on L2 acquisition
Ultimate attainment
A speaker’s conscious awareness about language and the use of language, as opposed to linguistic knowledge, which is largely unconscious
Metalinguistic awareness
In L2 acquisition refers to the influences that results in the similarities and differences between the target language and the L1. Positive _____ refers to the use of words or structures similar to those of the L1 in the L2; negative ____ refers to the use of L1 words and structures where they do not apply in the L2
Transfer
Use of L1 words or structures where they do not apply in the L2
Interference
School of psychology that views learning as habit formation through establishing stimulus-response patterns; It emphasizes the role of environmental patterns
Behaviourism
An approach that analyzes language into a set of structural components
structuralist approach
Comparison and contrast of linguistic structures of two languages in order to identify similarities and differences
CA contrastive analysis
Approach to L2 learning based in behaviorist notions stipulating that where there are differences in linguistic structures, difficulties would normally occur
CAH contrastive analysis hypothesis
Within the contrastive analysis approach proposed ordering of learning difficulties based on degree of difference between the structure of two languages
Hierarchy of difficulty
The characteristics of second-language learning in which the learner reaches a plateau and seems unable to acquire some property of the L2 grammar
Fossilization
The intermediate grammars that second-language learners create on their way to acquiring the (more or less) complete grammar of the target language
Interlanguage
A model of second-language acquisition consisting of a series of hypothesis one of which proposes a distinction between consciously acquired learning about a language as a cautiously acquired knowledge called acquisition
Monitor model
Part of the proposed ______ model refers to language editor resulting from what has been learned which goes into effect your specific circumstances allowing utterances to be monitored
Monitor
In the monitor model refers to exposure to the target language that is slightly beyond the learner’s current level
Comprehensible input
View that complex behaviors composed of simpler cognitive processes and that component processes can be isolated and studied independently of other processes
Information processing model or approach
Theoretical approach that refers to internal mental representations that regulate and guide performance associated with learning
Cognitive approach
Cognitive processing that occurs rapidly with little or no attentional control
Automatization
Term used in information processing approach to second-language acquisition to refer to changes or reorganization in the learners interlanguage at various developmental stages
Restructuring
Cognitive processing that is under attentional control requires more time and takes up more processing capacity
Controlled processing
Theoretical approach in acquisition in which the social nature of language is emphasized
Sociocultural approach
Hypothesis that’s because of languages with a more marked structure then not which occurs in the target language love less difficulty acquiring the equivalent unmarked target language feature
Markedness differential hypothesis
In some theoretical approaches, refers to the idea that some linguistic structures are less natural or less common (marked) than others (unmarked)
Markedness
A method of second-language teaching in which the student memorizes words and syntactic rules and translates them between the native language and target language
Grammar translation approach
The learning of a second language by total immersion. The native-language is never or rarely used in the classroom and the student supposedly acquire the second-language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.
Direct method
Language teaching approach based on behaviorist and structuralist views in which there is a heavy reliance on language drills and repetition
Audiolingual Method
