Chapters 7-9, 11

Question 1

Hearing a sentence and using it as a sample to form other sentences

Answer 1

Analogy

Question 2

Modelling grammars through the use of networks consisting of simple neuronlike units connected in complex ways so that different connections vary in strength, and can be strengthened or weakened through exposure to linguistic data

Answer 2

Connectionism

Question 3

The special intonationally exaggerated speech that some adults use to speak with small children

Answer 3

CDS Child Directed Speech, Baby Talk, or Motherese

Question 4

The theory that the human species is genetically equipped with a universal grammar, which provides the basic design for all human languages

Answer 4

Innateness hypothesis

Question 5

Refers to the incomplete, noisy, and unstructured utterances that children hear, including slips of the tongue, false starts, and ungrammatical and incomplete sentences, together with a lack of concrete evidence about abstract grammatical rules and structure

Answer 5

Impoverished Data, or Poverty of the Stimulus

Question 6

The way children construct rules using their knowledge of syntactic structure irrespective of the specific words in the structure or their meaning

Answer 6

Structure Dependent

Question 7

A constraint of universal grammar, and therefore applicable to all languages, that prohibits the movement of constituents out of a coordinate structure

Answer 7

Coordinate structure constraint

Question 8

A syntactic structure in which two or more constituents of the same syntactic category are joined by a conjunction such as ‘and’ and ‘or’

Answer 8

Coordinate structure

Question 9

The time during which it is proposed that native-like language proficiency can be achieved. Researchers differ as to the age marking the end to such period

Answer 9

Critical period

Question 10

Sounds produced in the first few months after birth that gradually come to include all the sounds that occur in the language of the household. Deaf children _____ with hand gestures

Answer 10

Babbling

Question 11

Sequence of sounds produced by a child with a relatively consistent meaning, but not necessarily based on adult word

Answer 11

Protowords

Question 12

The stage of child language acquisition in which one word conveys a complex message similar to that of a phrase or sentence

Answer 12

Holophrastic

Question 13

About the beginning of the second year, children produce sentences with two words with clear syntactic and semantic relations

Answer 13

Two-word stage

Question 14

A measure applied to children’s language to gauge syntactic development; the average length of utterances is calculated in morphemes

Answer 14

MLU (mean length of utterances)

Question 15

Utterances of children that may omit grammatical morphemes and/or function words

Answer 15

Telegraphic speech

Question 16

The acquisition of another language or languages after first language acquisition is underway or completed

Answer 16

SLA second language acquisition

Question 17

A term used in second language acquisition to refer to the ultimate degree of language learning achievement on the part of a given learner; particularly relevant in discussions on the effect of age on L2 acquisition

Answer 17

Ultimate attainment

Question 18

A speaker’s conscious awareness about language and the use of language, as opposed to linguistic knowledge, which is largely unconscious

Answer 18

Metalinguistic awareness

Question 19

In L2 acquisition refers to the influences that results in the similarities and differences between the target language and the L1. Positive _____ refers to the use of words or structures similar to those of the L1 in the L2; negative ____ refers to the use of L1 words and structures where they do not apply in the L2

Answer 19

Transfer

Question 20

Use of L1 words or structures where they do not apply in the L2

Answer 20

Interference

Question 21

School of psychology that views learning as habit formation through establishing stimulus-response patterns; It emphasizes the role of environmental patterns

Answer 21

Behaviourism

Question 22

An approach that analyzes language into a set of structural components

Answer 22

structuralist approach

Question 23

Comparison and contrast of linguistic structures of two languages in order to identify similarities and differences

Answer 23

CA contrastive analysis

Question 24

Approach to L2 learning based in behaviorist notions stipulating that where there are differences in linguistic structures, difficulties would normally occur

Answer 24

CAH contrastive analysis hypothesis

Question 25

Within the contrastive analysis approach proposed ordering of learning difficulties based on degree of difference between the structure of two languages

Answer 25

Hierarchy of difficulty

Question 26

The characteristics of second-language learning in which the learner reaches a plateau and seems unable to acquire some property of the L2 grammar

Answer 26

Fossilization

Question 27

The intermediate grammars that second-language learners create on their way to acquiring the (more or less) complete grammar of the target language

Answer 27

Interlanguage

Question 28

A model of second-language acquisition consisting of a series of hypothesis one of which proposes a distinction between consciously acquired learning about a language as a cautiously acquired knowledge called acquisition

Answer 28

Monitor model

Question 29

Part of the proposed ______ model refers to language editor resulting from what has been learned which goes into effect your specific circumstances allowing utterances to be monitored

Answer 29

Monitor

Question 30

In the monitor model refers to exposure to the target language that is slightly beyond the learner’s current level

Answer 30

Comprehensible input

Question 31

View that complex behaviors composed of simpler cognitive processes and that component processes can be isolated and studied independently of other processes

Answer 31

Information processing model or approach

Question 32

Theoretical approach that refers to internal mental representations that regulate and guide performance associated with learning

Answer 32

Cognitive approach

Question 33

Cognitive processing that occurs rapidly with little or no attentional control

Answer 33

Automatization

Question 34

Term used in information processing approach to second-language acquisition to refer to changes or reorganization in the learners interlanguage at various developmental stages

Answer 34

Restructuring

Question 35

Cognitive processing that is under attentional control requires more time and takes up more processing capacity

Answer 35

Controlled processing

Question 36

Theoretical approach in acquisition in which the social nature of language is emphasized

Answer 36

Sociocultural approach

Question 37

Hypothesis that’s because of languages with a more marked structure then not which occurs in the target language love less difficulty acquiring the equivalent unmarked target language feature

Answer 37

Markedness differential hypothesis

Question 38

In some theoretical approaches, refers to the idea that some linguistic structures are less natural or less common (marked) than others (unmarked)

Answer 38

Markedness

Question 39

A method of second-language teaching in which the student memorizes words and syntactic rules and translates them between the native language and target language

Answer 39

Grammar translation approach

Question 40

The learning of a second language by total immersion. The native-language is never or rarely used in the classroom and the student supposedly acquire the second-language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.

Answer 40

Direct method

Question 41

Language teaching approach based on behaviorist and structuralist views in which there is a heavy reliance on language drills and repetition

Answer 41

Audiolingual Method