Chapters 7-8

Question 1

The set of crustal processes that form new rock, modify it, transport it, and break it down

Answer 1

Rock Cycle

Question 2

The chemical and physical breakdown of rock exposed to air, moisture, and living organisms

Answer 2

Weathering

Question 3

The mineralogical, texture, chemical, and structural changes that occur in rock as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures and/or pressures

Answer 3

Metamorphism

Question 4

Small so aces between mineral grains

Answer 4

Pores

Question 5

Cracks

Answer 5

Fractures

Question 6

A loose layer of broken rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s surface. From the Greek: rego meaning blanket, and lith meaning stone

Answer 6

Regolith

Question 7

The uppermost layer of regolith, which can support rooted plants

Answer 7

Soil

Question 8

The breakdown of rock into solid fragments by physical processes that do not change the rock’s chemical composition

Answer 8

Mechanical weathering

Question 9

The decomposition of rocks and minerals by chemical and biochemical reactions

Answer 9

Chemical Weathering

Question 10

A fracture in a rock, along which no appreciable movement has occurred

Answer 10

Joint

Question 11

Large curve slabs of rock peel off from the surface of a uniformly textured igneous rock

Answer 11

Sheet Jointing or Exfoliation

Question 12

The spilling apart of rocks by repeated freezing and thawing of water that penetrated along the joints. The freeze-thaw cycle acts like a lever, prying the rock apart until it shatters

Answer 12

Frost Wedging

Question 13

The widening of a crack by tree roots

Answer 13

Root Wedging

Question 14

The gradual wearing away of bedrock by the constant battering of loose particles transported by water,wind, or ice. Wind erosion in which airborne particles chip small fragments off rocks that protrude from the surface

Answer 14

Abrasion

Question 15

Algonquin Indian phrase meaning “mountain standing alone”. Is a generic term for a mountain that arises from a surrounding plane that is joint free and resisted mechanical weathering, because water cannot find an entry

Answer 15

Monadnock or Inselberg

Question 16

A sedimentary rock that makes up Uluru or Ayers Rock in Australia

Answer 16

Arkose

Question 17

Sediment washed down through the mountain slopes

Answer 17

Alluvial Fans (Uluru)

Question 18

Human-generated

Answer 18

Anthropogenic

Question 19

Rain water becoming acidified by interacting with anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen compounds released into the atmosphere. Human caused acid rain is strong than natural acid rain, and causes accelerate weathering

Answer 19

Acid Rain

Question 20

The separation of a material into ions in solution by a solvent such a s water or acid

Answer 20

Dissolution

Question 21

Ions in minerals are tightly bonded and in a crystal lattice but ions in solutions can move about randomly and cause chemical reactions

Answer 21

Ion exchange

Question 22

Hydrogen bonds released from acidic water enter and alter a mineral by displacing larger positively charged ions such as: potassium, sodium, and magnesium

Answer 22

Hydrolysis

Question 23

A reaction between minerals and oxygen dissolved in water

Answer 23

Oxidation

Question 24

A family of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals also tiny mineral particles of any kind that have physical properties those of clay minerals

Answer 24

Clay

Question 25

A sediment made of relatively coarse mineral grains

Answer 25

Sand

Question 26

Sediment with grain sizes between those of sand and clay

Answer 26

Silt

Question 27

Partially decayed organic matter in soil

Answer 27

Humus

Question 28

One of a succession of zones or layers within a soil profile, each with a distinct physical, chemical, and biological characteristics

Answer 28

Soil horizon

Question 29

The sequence of soil horizons for the surface down to the underlying bedrock

Answer 29

Soil profile

Question 30

The uppermost horizon in many soil profiles is an accumulation of organic matter

Answer 30

O horizon

Question 31

Dark coloured layer of mixed mineral and organic matter

Answer 31

A horizon

Question 32

Light coloured layer marked by removal of soluble material

Answer 32

E horizon

Question 33

Maximum accumulation of clay minerals. Brownish or reddish in colour.

Answer 33

B horizon

Question 34

The subsoil. Is deepest consisting of parent rock material in various stages of weathering

Answer 34

C horizon

Question 35

The wearing away of bedrock and transport of loosened particles of fluids such as water

Answer 35

Erosion

Question 36

Fluids displaying different resistance to flow

Answer 36

Viscosity

Question 37

In this, all fluid particles travel in parallel layers

Answer 37

Laminar

Question 38

This flow is erratic and complex; full of swirls and eddies

Answer 38

Turbulent

Question 39

Sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream

Answer 39

Bed load

Question 40

A mechanism of sediment transport in which particles move forward in a series of short jumps along an arc shaped path

Answer 40

Saltation

Question 41

Sediment that is carried in suspension by a flowing stream of water or wind

Answer 41

Suspended load

Question 42

A semi-perminent, or perennially frozen body of ice consisting largely of crystallized snow that moves under the pull of gravity

Answer 42

Glacier

Question 43

The downslope movement of regolith and/or bedrock masses due to the pull of gravity

Answer 43

Mass wasting

Question 44

The failing, slumping, or siding of relatively coherent masses of rock

Answer 44

Slope failure

Question 45

Any mass wasting process that involves a flowing motion of regolith containing water and/or air within its pores

Answer 45

Flow

Question 46

A sudden vertical, or nearly vertical, drop of rock fragments or debris

Answer 46

Fall

Question 47

Involve rapid displacement of a mass of rock or sediment in a straight line down a steep or slippery slope

Answer 47

Slides

Question 48

Involves rotational movement of rock and regolith that is downward and outward movement along a curved surface

Answer 48

Slump

Question 49

Occur when the regolith is saturated with water. They can occur either rapidly or slowly

Answer 49

Slurry Flows

Question 50

The imperceptibly slow downslope granular flow of regolith

Answer 50

Creep

Question 51

The balance between destabilizing forces (sheer stress) and stabilizing forces (sheer strength) on a slope

Answer 51

Factor of safety

Question 52

Sediment formed from fragmented rock and mineral debris produced by weathering and erosion

Answer 52

Clastic sediment

Question 53

Sediment formed by precipitation of minerals dissolved in water, river, or sea water

Answer 53

Chemical sediment

Question 54

Sediment that is primarily composed of plant and animal remains or that precipitates as a result of biological processes

Answer 54

Biogenic sediment

Question 55

The laying down of sediment

Answer 55

Deposition

Question 56

A sedimentary deposit, commonly triangle shaped, that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water

Answer 56

Delta

Question 57

Sediment that is carried and deposited by wind

Answer 57

Eolian sediment

Question 58

A semi-enclosed body of coastal water in which fresh water mixes with sea water

Answer 58

Estuary

Question 59

A rock formed by the evaporation of lake or sea water followed by lithification of the resulting salt deposit

Answer 59

Evaporite

Question 60

Turbulent, gravity driven flow consisting of a mixture of sediment and water which conveys sediment from the continental shelf to the deep sea

Answer 60

Turbidity currents

Question 61

The group of processes by which loose sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock

Answer 61

Lithification

Question 62

The layered arrangement of strata in a body of sediment or sedimentary rock

Answer 62

Bedding

Question 63

The top or bottom surface of a rock stratum or bed

Answer 63

Bedding surface

Question 64

Reduction of pore space in a sediment as a result of the weight of overlying sediment

Answer 64

Compaction

Question 65

The process in which substances dissolved in pore water, precipitate out, and form a matrix in which grains of sediment are joined together

Answer 65

Cementation

Question 66

The formation of new crystalline mineral grains from old ones

Answer 66

Recrystallization

Question 67

Clastic sedimentary rock with large fragments in a finer grained matrix

Answer 67

Conglomerate

Question 68

Medium grain clastic sedimentary rock in which the clasts are typically but not necessarily dominated by quartz grains

Answer 68

Sandstone

Question 69

A group of very fined grained non-fissile sedimentary rock types with differing proportions of silt- and clay-size particles

Answer 69

Mudstone

Question 70

Very fine grained fissile or laminated sedimentary rock consisting primarily of silt- or clay-sized particles; a fissile mudstone

Answer 70

Shale

Question 71

The splitting into sheet-like fragments

Answer 71

Fissile

Question 72

A type of chemical sedimentary rock rich in iron minerals and silica

Answer 72

Banded iron formation

Question 73

A sedimentary rock that consists primarily of the mineral calcite

Answer 73

Limestone

Question 74

A biogenic sediment formed from the accumulation and compaction of plant remains

Answer 74

Peat

Question 75

A combustible rock formed from the lithification of plant rich sediment

Answer 75

Coal

Question 76

A linear, fault bounded valley along a divergent plate boundary or spreading centre

Answer 76

Rift Valley