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Geology > Chapters 11-12 > Flashcards

Chapters 11-12 Flashcards

1
Q

A model that describes the movement of water through the reservoirs of the earth

A

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

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2
Q

The scientific study of water

A

Hydrology

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3
Q

The process by which water changes from a liquid into a vapour

A

Evaporation

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4
Q

The process by which water taken up by plants passes directly into the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

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5
Q

The process by which water changes from a vapour into a liquid or a solid

A

Condensation

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6
Q

The process by which water that has condensed in the atmosphere falls back to the surface as rain, snow, or hail.

A

Precipitation

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7
Q

Precipitation that drains over the land or in stream channels

A

Surface run off

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8
Q

The process by which water works its way into the ground through small openings in the soil

A

Infiltration

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9
Q

The average length of time that a molecule spends in a reservoir

A

Residence Time

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10
Q

A body of water that flows downslope along a clearly defined natural passageway

A

Stream

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11
Q

The clearly defined natural passageways through which a stream flows

A

Channel

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12
Q

The steepness of a stream or channel

A

Gradient

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13
Q

The amount if water passing by a point on a channel’s bank during a unit of time

A

Discharge

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14
Q

The suspended and dissolved sediment carried by a stream

A

Load

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15
Q

Occur over short distances, particular in upstream areas near headwaters or source of the stream

A

Straight channels

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16
Q

Source of the stream

A

Headwaters

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17
Q

Develop where the stream gradient low, typically in the lower or downstream parts of the stream system, close to the mouth where the stream empties into another surface water body

A

Meandering channels

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18
Q

These arise when a stream’s ability to move its sediment load varies over time

A

Braided channels

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19
Q

The relatively flat valley floor adjacent to a stream channel which is inundated when the stream overflows its banks

A

Floodplain

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20
Q

Unconsolidated sediment deposited in a recent geologic time by a stream

A

Alluvium

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21
Q

Sedimentary deposits, commonly triangular, that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water

A

Delta

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22
Q

A stream that flows to a larger stream or other body of water

A

Tributary

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23
Q

The total area from which water flows into a stream, sometimes called a catchment or water shed

A

Drainage basin

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24
Q

A topographic high that separates adjacent drainage basins

A

Divide

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25
Q

Excessive nutrients in the water, which stimulates algae growth, and thus using up all the oxygen in the water, making it impossible for other life to survive

A

Eutrophication

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26
Q

Land that has wet or spongy soil. Ex. Marsh, swamp, or bog

A

Wetland

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27
Q

An event in which a water body overflows its banks

A

Flood

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28
Q

The extra water flowing in a channel contributed by excess precipitation during a stream flood

A

Storm runoff

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29
Q

A graph that shows the stream’s discharge as a function of time

A

Hydrograph

30
Q

The peak flow of a flood

A

Crest

31
Q

Water that is blow on shore by high winds

A

Storm surge

32
Q

A drop in the surface of the land, which increases the danger of flooding

A

Subsidence

33
Q

The frequency of past floods of different sizes on a graph

A

Flood-frequency curve

34
Q

The average time interval between two floods of the same magnitude

A

Recurrence interval

35
Q

Engineered modifications of a river channel for the purposes of flood control and protection

A

Channelization

36
Q

Subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and bedrock

A

Groundwater

37
Q

The top surface of the saturated zone

A

Water table

38
Q

Where the pores or spaces between grains in regolith or bedrock are filled mainly with air

A

Zone of aeration, vadose zone

39
Q

A zone in which all openings are filled with water

A

Saturated zone, phreatic zone

40
Q

The percentage of the total volume of a body of rock or regolith that consists of open spaces (pores)

A

Porosity

41
Q

A measure of how easily a solid allows fluids to pass through it

A

Permeability

42
Q

The process by which groundwater seeps downward and flows under the influence of gravity

A

Percolate

43
Q

Replenishment of groundwater

A

Recharge

44
Q

The process by which subsurface water leaves the saturated zone and becomes surface water

A

Discharge

45
Q

A natural outlet for groundwater that occurs where the water table intersects the land surface

A

Spring

46
Q

A body of rock or regolith that is water saturated, porous, and permeable

A

Aquifer

47
Q

A layer of impermeable rock

A

Aquiclude

48
Q

An underground open space; a cavern system of connected caves

A

Caves

49
Q

A measure of the salt content in a solution

A

Salinity

50
Q

The deep-ocean global “conveyor belt” circulation, driven by differences in water temperature, salinity, and density

A

Thermohaline circulation

51
Q

A regular daily cycle of rising and falling sea level that results for the gravitational action of the Moon, the Sun, and the Earth

A

Tides

52
Q

The “broken” turbulent water found between a line of breakers and the shore

A

Surf

53
Q

A current within the surf zone that flows parallel to the coast

A

Longshore current

54
Q

The movement of particles along a beach as they are driven up and down the slope by wave action

A

Beach drift

55
Q

A coastal cliff cut by the wave action at the base of a rocky coast

A

Wave-cut cliff

56
Q

Wave-washed sediment along a coast

A

Beach

57
Q

A long, narrow, sandy island lying offshore and parallel to low-land coast

A

Barrier island

58
Q

Elongated ridges of sand or gravel that project from the land into the open water of an embayment along the coast

A

Spits

59
Q

Spit-like ridges of sand and gravel that join an island to the mainland

A

Tombolos

60
Q

A hard structure on a shallow ocean floor, usually but not always built by coral

A

Reefs

61
Q

A mixture of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and trace amounts of other gases, found in the Earth’s atmosphere

A

Air

62
Q

Liquid droplets or solid particles that are so small that they remain suspended in the air

A

Aerosols

63
Q

The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere extending. (Variably) to about 15km in altitude

A

Troposphere

64
Q

Heat-absorbing gases in the troposphere

A

Radiatively active gases or greenhouse gases

65
Q

The absorption of long-wavelength (infrared) energy by radiatively active gases in the atmosphere, causing heat to be retained near Earth’s surface

A

Greenhouse effect

66
Q

The layer of Earth’s atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50km altitude

A

Stratosphere

67
Q

A zone in the stratosphere where ozone is concentrated

A

Ozone layer

68
Q

Air in motion

A

Wind

69
Q

An effect due to Earth’s rotation, which cause a freely moving body to veer from a stringent path

A

Coriolis force

70
Q

A wind system that is circulating around a low-pressure center

A

Cyclone

71
Q

A regional weather system that involves unusual warming of equatorial Pacific surface water

A

El Niño

Geology (3 decks)

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