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LRA 211 > Chapters 6 and 7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following makes up the majority of the x-ray beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung.

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2
Q

Most of the electrical energy used to produce x-rays results in

A

heat

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3
Q

Filament electrons interact with target atoms to produce x-rays in the following two ways

A

-charecteristics interactions

-bremsstrahlung (brem) interactions
-majority of x-rays have brems

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4
Q

Excess energy is immediately given off as what radiation

A

infrared (heat)

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5
Q

Characteristics interactions involve what?

A

-filament electrons

-an orbital electron of a target atom

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6
Q

What shell is most important

A

k shell

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7
Q

What is the binding tungsten energy for the k shell

A

69.5 keV

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8
Q

Energy

A

a characteristic or dependent on the difference in binding energy between the shells involved

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9
Q

The closer the interaction with the nucleus =

A

more energy lost (brems photon)

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10
Q

higher kVp=

A

higher brem photon

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11
Q

Highest number of x-ray photons produced will be ____ of the kVp you select

A

1/3

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12
Q

Quantity

A

-number of photons in x-ray

-intensity

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13
Q

Inherent filtration

A

-housing
-window absorbs some of the x-rays

-the target window is the primary contributor

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14
Q

Added filtration

A

-comes in the form of another 2.0 Al placed between the target window and the top of the collimator

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15
Q

Total filtration

A

-2.5 mm is the total filtration needed

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16
Q

Beam Quantity

A

-kVp has bigger impact =15% rule

-the total number of x-ray photons in a beam

-affected by mAs, kVp, distance, & filtration

-varies inversely as the square of the distance

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17
Q

Quantity is associated with

A

radiation dose

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18
Q

To adjust quantity you adjust the

A

mAs
-first to adjust-least effect

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19
Q

If kVp is doubled then intensity (quantity) increases by a factor of _____

A

four

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20
Q

Filtration

A

reduces patient dose by filtering out low energy x-ray photons

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21
Q

Beam Quality

A

-the penetrating power of the x-ray beam

-affected by kVp and filtration

22
Q

Penetration

A

-refers to those x-ray photons that are transmitted through the body and reach the image receptor

23
Q

Beam Quality Relationship

A

-goes up in kVp means increased frequency &
shorter wavelength =more penetration

24
Q

As kVp increases, the beam’s ability to penetrate matter also _________

A

increases

25
Q

Half Value Layer (HVL)

A

the thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one half its original intensity

26
Q

What is the normal HVL of a diagnostic beam

A

3-5 Al

27
Q

Higher kVp =

A

higher HVL

28
Q

Primary Beam

A

refers to the x-ray beam as it is upon exiting the collimator and exposing the patient
controlled by quantity (mAs) and quality (kVp)

29
Q

Remnant Beam

A

-refers to the x-ray bean that remains after interaction with the patient and is exiting the patient to expose the image receptor

30
Q

Remnant beams are made of

A

primary and secondary radiation

31
Q

X-ray Emission Spectrum

A

-SID and OID does nothing with the emission spectrum or graph

-grid does not have to do with emission spectrum

32
Q

Emission Spectrum: characteristic photons are

A

discrete

33
Q

Emission Spectrum: Brems photon are

A

continuous

34
Q

Continuous Emission Spectrum

A

-majority of emission spectrum

-brems photons create a bell-shaped continuum

35
Q

Increase mAs =

A

-increase amplitude

-also increases photons

-direct relationship

36
Q

5 Factors that change the appearance of the x-ray emission spectrum:

A

-mA
-kVp
-tube filtration
-generator type
-target material

37
Q

An increase in mA increases the amplitude of both the ___________&_____________ portions of the spectrum

A

-continuous
-discrete

38
Q

Changes in kVp effect beam

A

-quality & quantity

-increases the amplitude of continuous & discrete and shifts the wave to the right

39
Q

Process of outer-shell electrons filling inner-shell vacancies continues down the line creating a cascade effect called

A

characteristic cascade

40
Q

So long as kVp is greater than 69.5, what will happen?

A

characteristic

41
Q

Bremsstrahlung means?

A

braking radiation

42
Q

Penetration

A

x-ray photons that are transmitted through the body and reach the image receptor

43
Q

What are the interactions that happens in the tube

A

-Bremsstrahlung
-Characteristic

44
Q

Classical interactions (coherent or thomson scattering)

A

-decreases contrast in image (more grey)
-no ionization
-low kVp = low energy
-minimal patient dose

45
Q

Compton interactions

A

-has ionization
-higher kVp
-has scatter
-has occupational dose (tech gets radiation dose)
-has patient dose
-creates secondary photon
-does not depend on atomic number, it relates to the energy of the photon

46
Q

Photoelectric interactions (very low probability)

A

-no scatter, everything gets absorbed in the body
-has ionization
-lower kVps
-increases patient dose
-has secondary photon
(not good for the patient, no effect on operator, image quality is good)

47
Q

Differential absorption

A

difference between the x-ray photons that are absorbed photoelectrically and those that penetrate the body

48
Q

Transmission

A

x-ray photons that pass through the body and reach the image receptor

49
Q

Absorption

A

photons that are attenuated by the body and do not reach the image receptor

50
Q

Radiopaque (spine)

A

body structures that readily absorb x-rays

51
Q

Radiolucent (lungs)

A

less dense structures have a much lower probability of absorption

LRA 211 (2 decks)

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