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Speech Communications > Chapters 6-7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

included in the speech mechanism that produces sounds

A

respiratory system, larynx, vocal tract

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2
Q

motor system

A

controls the vocal tract

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3
Q

respiratory system

A

produces the raw material - air under pressure - speech is generated from

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4
Q

inspiration

A

how air in drawn in from the environment to the lungs

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5
Q

expiration

A

how air is expelled from the lungs under pressure

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6
Q

phonation

A

air under pressure is sent from the lungs to the larynx, setting the air molecules into vibration

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7
Q

cartilages that make up the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • epiglottis cartilage
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8
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

the bump in people’s throat

more prominent in men

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9
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

sits on top of the trachea, forms at the base of the larynx

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10
Q

epiglottis cartilage

A

large, broad, leaf-shaped cartilage

helps prevent food from entering larynx when swallowing

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11
Q

abduct

A

vocal folds moving apart (breathing)

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12
Q

adduct

A

vocals folds moving together (producing voice)

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13
Q

thyroarytenoid muscle

A

bundle of muscle tissue within each vocal fold

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14
Q

glottis

A

opening between the vocal folds

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15
Q

laryngeal tone

A

caused by vibration pattern of molecules by phonation

- wide range of frequencies and has a buzzing quality

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16
Q

3 vocal tract cavities

A
  • oral cavity
  • nasal cavity
  • pharyngeal cavity
17
Q

affects the configuration of the vocal tract

A
  • tongue
  • lips
  • mandible
  • velum
18
Q

pyramidal system

A
  • originates in the primary motor system cortex of the brain
  • includes the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons
  • determines which muscles with contract during voluntary movements
19
Q

extrapyramidal system

A
  • indirectly controls motor movement patterns

- helps maintain equilibrium, coordination, posture, muscle tone, reflexes

20
Q

extrapyramidal system and Parkinson’s disease

A
  • abnormality in its functioning

- unable to make movements rapidly/involuntary tremors = disturbs the functioning of speech

21
Q

myoneural junctions

A

muscle nerves

22
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

condition of abnormality in the chemical makeup of myoneural junctions

23
Q

5 major types of voice disorders

A
  • trauma
  • problems of an unknown cause
  • congenital problems
  • disorders of the brain/nervous system
  • vocal resonance
24
Q

ventricular dysphonia (false vocal fold phonation)

A

occurs when individual uses the ventricular folds to produce voice
- produced voice is lower in frequency

25
Q

conversion disorder

A

individual loses all phonatory ability due to stress, emotional distress, or a psychological problem

  • complete mutism
  • functional aphonia: person can whisper, vocal folds don’t vibrate
  • dysphonia: individual experiences various degrees of hoarseness
26
Q

spasmodic dysphonia

A

hyperadduction: vocal folds can’t vibrate
OR/COMBO
hypoadduction: vocal folds produce severely breathy voice

27
Q

vocal fold dysfunction

A

closing of the vocal folds even when the person is inhaling = airway obstruction

28
Q

congenital mass lesions of the larynx

A

tumors and viral growths

- voice hoarseness follows removal surgery

29
Q

congenital structural anomalies of the larynx

A

infants have insufficient/delayed calcium depositing in the larynx = nonphonatory problems
- tracheostomy fixes this

30
Q

congenital laryngeal webs

A

connective tissue web that obstructs that larynx

- treated immediately at birth so infant can breathe

31
Q

dysarthrias

A

motor speech disorders

  • type and severity depend on the area of the nervous system being affected
  • etiologies: brain injury, tumor, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s, Lyme’s
  • slowed, slurred speech/rapid whisper/nasal and hoarse
32
Q

apraxia of speech

A

motor system planning disorder

  • difficulty retrieving motor speech patterns to produce fluent speech
  • increased effort to speak, searching to positions to produce sounds, abnormal stress and intonation patterns, altered speech rhythm, inconsistent articulation errors
33
Q

hypernasality

A

excessive nasal resonance

-occurs bc the velum has not closed properly between the oral and nasal cavities

34
Q

velum

A

soft palate

35
Q

hyponasality

A

cannot produce any nasal resonance

  • voice sounds like person has a stuffy nose
  • stems from organic disorder causing an obstruction in the nasal cavity
36
Q

assimilative nasality

A

the nasality of a consonant “leaks” over to a vowel

37
Q

faulty tongue postures

A

can cause resonance problems

  • tongue is held too high or too close to the front of the mouth
  • caused by habit
38
Q

stidency

A

the pharynx is shortened which raises the larynx and increases the reflective properties of the pharynx
- sounds harsh, shrill, and strained

Speech Communications (4 decks)

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