Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
The exchange of information, ideas, feelings, and experiences using a common code understood by those involved
Communication
Facial expressions, posture, and movement
Gestural communication/Nonverbal communication
Spoken language
Oral communication
Writing
Written communication
Symbol system based on numbers, letters, symbols, icons, pictures, math formulas, sound
Eg: alphabet
Codes
Articulation, fluency, nasal resonance, voice
Speech
Produced sound
Phoneme
Configuration of our nose, throat, and mouth muscles
The sound we produce
The perception of sound
Hearing
Communication Disorder Definition
- impairment to receive, process/comprehend, and send concepts, nonverbal language, and code systems
- hearing, language, or speech
- mild to profound
- developmental or acquired
- more than one, or just one disorder
How does one determine what is abnormal?
- determine the normal
- bell curve
Edeology
- cause of a disorder
- environmental, developmental
Onset
- when the disorder appeared
- congenital (from birth/genetic) or acquired (brain injury)
Manifestation
- how the disorder shows up
- receptive, expressive, or both
Disorder interferes with ability to receive a message
- listening and reading
Receptive
Disorder interferes with ability to speak, comprehend
- speaking and writing
Expressive
Impaired comprehension of spoken or written language
Language disorder
Impaired speaking, sound production
Speech disorder
Impaired detecting, recognizing, processing auditory information
Hearing disorder
Assessment and Intervention
Evaluation and Treatment
Medical approach vs Developmental approach
Treating vs Helping
Rule system of how to build words, phrases, and sentences
Language form
Rule system governing how sounds are produced and combined to form words
Phonology
Rule system governing the smallest unit of meaning
Morphology
Smallest grammatical unit of meaning
Morpheme
Smallest unit that can stand on its own
- cat, happy, tree
Free morpheme
Smallest unit that cannot stand on its own
- ing, s
Bound morpheme
Rule system governing how words, phrases, and sentences are combined; word order
Syntax
Rule system governing the meanings of words, vocab, and word relationships
Semantics
Abstract language
Says one thing, means another
Figurative language
Rule system governing how language is used
Language in social situations
Pragmatics
Changing language based upon age, gender, relationship, familiarity with the conversational partner
Code switching
Rule system governing how sentences are combined into longer units of meaning (stories)
Discourse
Type of discourse
Telling and understanding elements within a story
Narrative discourse
Type of discourse
Non-narrative (newspapers, magazines, research papers)
Expository discourse
Type of discourse
Found in classrooms (teacher talking, making the calls)
Classroom discourse
Hesitations, rate of speech, intonations, stress
Paralinguistic signals
Factors to language development in children
- Time + exposure (child has to be around language)
- Exposed to language before critical period (puberty)
- Birth - 1 year
- Communication depends on adults
- Parentese
- Joint attention
- Joint referencing
- Babbling
Prelinguistic Language Development
Language/ communication style parents use with babies
Parentese
Parent and baby looking at the same thing at the same time
Joint attention
Parent and baby looking at the same thing while parent discusses it
Joint referencing
Babies playing with sounds
Babbling
- 12 months - 27 months
- Making sounds (m, p, b, n, d, w, h)
- Children simplify adult sounds (nicknames)
- Syntax: 1-2 words
- Semantics: rapid growth: 12 months = 20 words, 24 months = 200 words
- Pragmatics: parents do most of the talking
Emerging Language Stage
- 27 months - 46 months
- Children have acquired most basic language structures by age 4
- Phonology: most phonemes acquired by 5, can go to 8
- Morphology: begin to use s and ing
- Syntax: phrases at 4-5 words
- Semantics: 2 yrs = 200 words, 4 yrs = 1800 - 4000
- Pragmatics: better at conversations (interrupt less, polite)
- Discourse: narrative
Developing Language Stage
- 4 yrs - 11 yrs
- Using language for communicating to using language to learn
- Phonology: phonemes are well established
- Morpholgy: gerunds, adverbs,
- Syntax: passive voice, conjunctions
- Semantics: vocab growth depends on reading ability; figurative language
- Pragmatics: code switching, better at conversations, discourse, meta skills
- Writing: develops from oral language
Language of Learning Stage
Thinking/talking about language
Metalinguistic
Thinking/talking about thinking
Metacognitive
Thinking/talking about language use
Metapragmatic
- Early (10 - 13 yrs)
- Middle (13 - 16 yrs)
- Late (16 - 20 yrs)
- Syntax: sentences are more complex, code switching
- Semantics: reading = vocab growth, new school subjects = new vocab
- Pragmatics: good conversational partners, meta skills develop
- Discourse: adept at various forms
- Figurative language: develop understanding, humor, slang
Adolescent Language Development
- 20+ yrs
- Development occurs in all areas
- Semantics: language associated with higher education, jobs
- Pragmatics: how to interact with others
Young Adult Language Development
Factors affecting child’s literacy level?
- Literacy of the family
- Exposure to language
- Language ability
Phonological awareness
Understanding the elements of words (letter-sound connection, syllables, rhyming)
- Difficulties with phonological awareness lead to difficulty learning to read and write
