Chapters 6-7

Question 1

work organization featuring division of labor and formal rules and structure

Answer 1

bureaucracy

Question 2

people hired on the merit system to work for the federal government

Answer 2

civil service

Question 3

practice of giving government jobs as rewards to political supporters

Answer 3

spoils system

Question 4

government agencies that operate separately from executive departments

Answer 4

independent agencies

Question 5

government agencies established to oversee and manage a specific aspect of the federal government

Answer 5

independent executive agencies

Question 6

government agencies established to regulate some aspect of the economy

Answer 6

independent regulatory commissions

Question 7

including members from both major political parties

Answer 7

bipartisan

Question 8

government agencies that are organized and run like businesses but are owned in whole or in part by the federal government

Answer 8

government corporations

Question 9

tax on a person’s or corporation’s income

Answer 9

income tax

Question 10

a tax that has a great impact on lower income earners than on higher income earners

Answer 10

regressive tax

Question 11

a tax whose rate increases as the amount that is subject to the tax increases

Answer 11

progressive tax

Question 12

a tax that is applied at the same rate against all income

Answer 12

proportional tax

Question 13

financial instrument by which a borrower agrees to pay back borrowed money, plus interest, at a future date

Answer 13

bond

Question 14

cumulative sum of money that the government has borrowed and not repaid

Answer 14

federal debt

Question 15

spending mandated by laws and not subject to the budget process

Answer 15

mandatory spending

Question 16

spending subject to the annual budget process

Answer 16

discretionary spending

Question 17

a government’s policy of taxation and spending

Answer 17

fiscal policy

Question 18

a government’s policy of regulating the money in circulation and the interest rates at which money is borrowed to control inflation or stimulate economic growth

Answer 18

monetary policy

Question 19

the group of people who work for the executive branch under a specific president

Answer 19

administration

Question 20

formal presidential rule or regulation that has the force of law

Answer 20

executive order

Question 21

right of a president to refuse to release information to Congress or a court

Answer 21

executive privilege

Question 22

power to formally recognize the legitimacy of a foreign government

Answer 22

diplomatic recognition

Question 23

postponement of a criminal sentence, or a shortening of its length

Answer 23

reprieve

Question 24

an official act by the executive forgiving a person convicted of a crime and freeing that person from serving out his sentence

Answer 24

pardon

Question 25

general pardon granted to a group of people

Answer 25

amnesty

Question 26

to reduce a person’s sentence

Answer 26

commute

Question 27

title of the president as the nation’s leader of military forces

Answer 27

commander in chief

Question 28

all the stands the government takes on foreign issues

Answer 28

foreign policy

Question 29

art of negotiating with foreign governments

Answer 29

diplomacy

Question 30

president’s role as symbolic figurehead of the United States

Answer 30

chief of state

Question 31

the process of succeeding,or coming after someone

Answer 31

succession

Question 32

arrangement with a foreign government that does not need Senate approval

Answer 32

executive agreement

Question 33

gap that occurs when annual expenses exceed annual revenue

Answer 33

deficit

Question 34

leaders of the executive departments, who also act as advisors to the president

Answer 34

cabinet