Chapters 6, 7 Flashcards
According to Erickson’s theory, which stage is entered during early childhood?
Initiative vs. Guilt
According to Erikson’s theory, middle and late childhood is characterized by which stage?
Industry vs. Inferiority
What is the process of self-categorization?
When children begin to identify as a member of a specific social group.
What is the self-concept?
Refers to how children perceive and evaluate themselves in specific domains such as intelligence, abilities, gender etc.
What is self-esteem?
Also referred to as self-worth or self-image
Global evaluation of the self as a person.
Important to the child’s wellbeing
What is self-efficacy?
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favourable outcomes
Example:
«I can do this!» vs. «I’m not sure I’ll be able to do this»
What is perpective-taking?
A social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Up until which age are most children oblivious to lies?
It is not until 5 years of age that children understand that other might tell a lie to avoid getting into trouble.
(Perspective-taking improves throughout childhood, given its reliance on executive functioning.)
What are self-conscious emotions?
Feelings of pride, shame, embarrassment and guilt etc.
Children must be able to refer to and be aware of of themselves as distinct from others. These emotions do not appear to develop until the self-awareness appears at around 18 months.
What is emotional regulation?
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed, and it Sia critical aspect of development.
It plays a key role in children’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.
Important components of self-regulation and executive function.
What is emotion-coaching vs. Emotion-dismissing?
Emotion-coaching parents monitor their children’s emotions, view their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labelling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. Scaffolding
Emotion-dismissing parents view their role as denying, ignoring, or changing negative emotions. Invalidating
What are the 3 different domains of stress and child may experience?
Social stressors: involve other people (maltreatment, harsh parenting, etc.)
Environmental stressors: (low SES, witnessing violence, etc.)
Physical stressors: directly involve the child (poor nutrition, exposure to toxins, physical or mental-health problems, etc.)
According to Skinner and colleagues, what are the 5 crucial categories of coping that are evident across all ages?
- Problem solving
- Positive cognitive restructuring (active coping by focusing on the positive)
- Seeking support
- Avoidance (disengaging or avoiding the stressful event)
- Distraction
What is moral development?
Involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.
What is the the difference between heteronormous morality and autonomous morality?
Heteronomous morality: where rules and justice are unchangeable properties of the world, and there exists a unilateral respect for authority and laws (ages 4–7)
Autonomous morality: where children recognize that rules and laws were created by people and people’s intentions need to be considered (gradual shift from age 7)
