Chapters 4,5,6 Flashcards
What are the 7 primary emotions during the first 6 months of life?
Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear and disgust
Give examples of self-conscious emotions that require self-awareness and that develop later.
Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt
What are 3 types of cries babies exert?
Basic cry, anger cry, pain cry
What are the two types of smiles found in infants?
Reflexive smile: not from external stimuli; appears in first month, usually during sleep
Social smile - occurs in response to external stimulus and occurs as early as 2 months of age
What is social referencing?
Involves “reading” emotional cues in others to determine how to act in certain situations. It helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately. Social referencing improves in 2nd year of life
Describe emotional regulation.
To inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. Strategies include coping mechanisms. Caregivers and environment can influence emotional regulation.
What is temparament?
Individual behaviours and emotions, characterizes ways of responding. Can be positive or negative
What is Chess and Thomas’s three categories that classifies children’s temperament?
Easy child - generally positive mood, quickly establishes routines, adapts easily
Difficult child - reacts negatively, cries frequently, irregular routines, slow to change
Slow-to-warm-up child - low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity mood
What is effortful control?
Involves the executive attention system where an infant will inhibit their dominant response in favour of a more adaptive subdominant one. Effortful control develops by the 1st year of life and continues to improve over time.
Describe high and low effortful control
High effortful control - can keep arousal from getting too intense, strategies are self-soothing.
Low effortful control -m often unable to control arousal, easily agitated and intensely emotional.
What does the term Goodness of fit refer to?
Goodness of fit refers to the match between the infant’s
temperament and the environmental demands the infant must cope with.
According to Erik Erickson, the first year of life is characterized by which stage?
Trust vs. Mistrust
This crucial stage allows infants to learn that they are cared for in a consistent manner
According to Erik Eikson, which stage emerges in the second year of life?
Independence and Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
- Important to recognize toddlers’ motivation to do what they are capable of doing at their own pace.
- Predictor of independence and identity during adolescence
What is preferential looking?
What is joint attention?
Involves caregiver and baby to have joint attention on 1 stimuli. Along with gaze-following, these strategies help infants understand that other people have intentions.
What are the four phases of attachment ranging from birth to age 2?
- Birth to 2mo. - infants direct their attachment to human figures; stranger, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
- 2 - 7 mo. - Attachement focused on one figure (usually the primary caregiver); baby distinguishes between familiar/unfamiliar people
- 7 - 24 mo. - Specific attachments develop; locomotor skills allow babies to actively seek contact with caregivers.
- 24 mo. - children are aware of others’ feelings, goals, plans; take these into account in their own actions.
What are the four types of attachment?
- Securely attached - use caregiver as secure base from which to explore the environment.
- Insecure avoidant - show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
- Insecure resistant - cling to caregiver then resist by fighting the closeness.
- Insecure disorganized - disorganized and disoriented; might appear dazed, confused and fearful.
What is scaffolding?
Temporarily supports the infants’ needs and abilities for the
purpose of helping them to master the next task in a given learning process
What changes are involved in the physical development of young ones?
Boys and girls slim down as the trunk of their body lengthens. Most children will lose their top-heavy look. Body fat slowly declines and muscle mass/strength improves
What are Gross motor skills Vs. Fine motor skills?
Gross motor skills involve the movement of the body as a whole. Use of trunk, arms and legs. Ex: hopping and jumping
Fine motor skills involve the use of fingers and manipulating things intricately. Girls typically outperform boys. Ex: printing or manipulating small objects
What are some things that are important to the Well-Being of a child?
Quality sleep: sleep times vary depending on age.
Nutrition: feeds the brain
Physical activity: young children should get an average of 15mins or more of physical activity per hours over a 12-hour period, or about 3 hours per day total!
Explain Piaget’s Preoperational stage
- ranges from ages 2 - 7 yr.
- children represent the world with words ,images, and drawings. They form stable concepts and begin to reason, however reasoning skills are not fully developed
According to Piaget, what is Egocentrism?
The inability to distinguish one’s own perspective and someone else’s
According to Piaget, what is Animism?
The belief that inanimate objects have life-life qualities, capable of action
