Chapters 4,5,6

Question 1

What are the 7 primary emotions during the first 6 months of life?

Answer 1

Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear and disgust

Question 2

Give examples of self-conscious emotions that require self-awareness and that develop later.

Answer 2

Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt

Question 3

What are 3 types of cries babies exert?

Answer 3

Basic cry, anger cry, pain cry

Question 4

What are the two types of smiles found in infants?

Answer 4

Reflexive smile: not from external stimuli; appears in first month, usually during sleep

Social smile - occurs in response to external stimulus and occurs as early as 2 months of age

Question 5

What is social referencing?

Answer 5

Involves “reading” emotional cues in others to determine how to act in certain situations. It helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately. Social referencing improves in 2nd year of life

Question 6

Describe emotional regulation.

Answer 6

To inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. Strategies include coping mechanisms. Caregivers and environment can influence emotional regulation.

Question 7

What is temparament?

Answer 7

Individual behaviours and emotions, characterizes ways of responding. Can be positive or negative

Question 8

What is Chess and Thomas’s three categories that classifies children’s temperament?

Answer 8

Easy child - generally positive mood, quickly establishes routines, adapts easily

Difficult child - reacts negatively, cries frequently, irregular routines, slow to change

Slow-to-warm-up child - low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity mood

Question 9

What is effortful control?

Answer 9

Involves the executive attention system where an infant will inhibit their dominant response in favour of a more adaptive subdominant one. Effortful control develops by the 1st year of life and continues to improve over time.

Question 10

Describe high and low effortful control

Answer 10

High effortful control - can keep arousal from getting too intense, strategies are self-soothing.

Low effortful control -m often unable to control arousal, easily agitated and intensely emotional.

Question 11

What does the term Goodness of fit refer to?

Answer 11

Goodness of fit refers to the match between the infant’s
temperament and the environmental demands the infant must cope with.

Question 12

According to Erik Erickson, the first year of life is characterized by which stage?

Answer 12

Trust vs. Mistrust

This crucial stage allows infants to learn that they are cared for in a consistent manner

Question 13

According to Erik Eikson, which stage emerges in the second year of life?

Answer 13

Independence and Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt

• Important to recognize toddlers’ motivation to do what they are capable of doing at their own pace.
• Predictor of independence and identity during adolescence

Question 14

What is preferential looking?

Question 15

What is joint attention?

Answer 15

Involves caregiver and baby to have joint attention on 1 stimuli. Along with gaze-following, these strategies help infants understand that other people have intentions.

Question 16

What are the four phases of attachment ranging from birth to age 2?

Answer 16

1. Birth to 2mo. - infants direct their attachment to human figures; stranger, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
2. 2 - 7 mo. - Attachement focused on one figure (usually the primary caregiver); baby distinguishes between familiar/unfamiliar people
3. 7 - 24 mo. - Specific attachments develop; locomotor skills allow babies to actively seek contact with caregivers.
4. 24 mo. - children are aware of others’ feelings, goals, plans; take these into account in their own actions.

Question 17

What are the four types of attachment?

Answer 17

1. Securely attached - use caregiver as secure base from which to explore the environment.
2. Insecure avoidant - show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
3. Insecure resistant - cling to caregiver then resist by fighting the closeness.
4. Insecure disorganized - disorganized and disoriented; might appear dazed, confused and fearful.

Question 18

What is scaffolding?

Answer 18

Temporarily supports the infants’ needs and abilities for the
purpose of helping them to master the next task in a given learning process

Question 19

What changes are involved in the physical development of young ones?

Answer 19

Boys and girls slim down as the trunk of their body lengthens. Most children will lose their top-heavy look. Body fat slowly declines and muscle mass/strength improves

Question 20

What are Gross motor skills Vs. Fine motor skills?

Answer 20

Gross motor skills involve the movement of the body as a whole. Use of trunk, arms and legs. Ex: hopping and jumping

Fine motor skills involve the use of fingers and manipulating things intricately. Girls typically outperform boys. Ex: printing or manipulating small objects

Question 21

What are some things that are important to the Well-Being of a child?

Answer 21

Quality sleep: sleep times vary depending on age.

Nutrition: feeds the brain

Physical activity: young children should get an average of 15mins or more of physical activity per hours over a 12-hour period, or about 3 hours per day total!

Question 22

Explain Piaget’s Preoperational stage

Answer 22

• ranges from ages 2 - 7 yr.
• children represent the world with words ,images, and drawings. They form stable concepts and begin to reason, however reasoning skills are not fully developed

Question 23

According to Piaget, what is Egocentrism?

Answer 23

The inability to distinguish one’s own perspective and someone else’s

Question 24

According to Piaget, what is Animism?

Answer 24

The belief that inanimate objects have life-life qualities, capable of action

Question 25

According to Piaget, what is Conservation?

Answer 25

The lack of awareness that altering an object or substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Question 26

What is Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage?

Answer 26

• ranges from age 7 - 11yr.
• Children can perform concrete operations. They reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. In this stage, children can solve conservation problems and reverse operations.

Question 27

According to Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage, what is Seriation?

Answer 27

The ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

Question 28

According to Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage, what is Transitivity?

Answer 28

The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

Question 29

What are 3 different types of attention?

Answer 29

Selective attention - ability to ignore task-irrelevant information

Sustained attention - ability to focus and engage with object, task or event for an extended period of time

Executive attention - involves planning actions, allocation attention to goals, detection and compensation for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

Question 30

Describe working memory

Answer 30

• serves as a mental “workbench” to manipulate and assemble information to make decisions, solve problems, comprehend written and spoken language.
• It improves with rehearsal, increased speed, and improved attention.
• development of working memory is associated with the development of many brain regions, including medial-temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex and white matter.

Question 31

Describe long-term memory and its 2 types

Answer 31

Long-term memory is relatively permanent and unlimited, it increases with age during middle and late childhood

Explicit memory involves working memory

Implicit memory is unconscious and automatic

Question 32

What is executive functioning and what are its 3 components?

Answer 32

Involves managing one’s thoughts, to engage in goal-directed behaviour and exercise self-control

Updating - manipulation and updating information in working memory

Inhibition - withholding prepotent responses and resisting distractions

Shifting - reallocation attention

Question 33

What is Theory of Mind?

Answer 33

The understanding that others have different mental states

Question 34

What is Metacognition?

Answer 34

Cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing. Ex: finding strategies that help your brain work more efficiently

Question 35

What are 3 types of intelligence introduced by Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?

Answer 35

1. Analytical intelligence - analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast
2. Creative intelligence - create, design, invent, originate and imagine
3. Practical intelligence - use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice

Question 36

What are Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind?

Answer 36

• Verbal - think in words, language to express meaning
• Mathematical - carry out mathematical operations
• Spatial - think three-dimensionally
• Bodily-kinesthetic - manipulate objects and be physically adept
• Musical - sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone
• Interpersonal - understand/interact effectively with others
• Intrapersonal - ability to understand oneself
• Naturalist - observe nature patterns; understand natural/human world

Question 37

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer 37

The increase in intelligence test scores across the globe in a short period of time

Question 38

What are the 3 characteristics of people with ADHD?

Answer 38

• inattention
• hyperactivity
• impulsivity

Question 39

What are the 3 characteristics of people with ADHD?

Answer 39

• inattention
• hyperactivity
• impulsivity

Question 40

What are pragmatics?

Answer 40

Involves the appropriate use of language in different contexts

Question 41

What is the difference between the constructivist teaching approach Vs. Direct instruction approach

Answer 41

Constructivist teaching is learner centred, emphasizes importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

Direct instruction approach is teacher centred, characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations