Chapters 6 - 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Catacomb
A
Jewish and Christian
underground tomb.
2
Q
halo
A
circle shape behind head of important person.
3
Q
narrative image
A
tells a story of a pas event.
** Cubiculum of Leonis
4
Q
ionic image
A
symbolizes concepts and values developing religious ideas.
** Cubiculum of Leonis
5
Q
monotheism
A
The belief that there is only one God.
6
Q
Ten Commandments
A
God gave Ten Commandments on 2 stone slabs to Moses. Laws of good things and bad things to do.
7
Q
Menorah
A
Jewish 7 candle.
8
Q
Ark of Covenant
A
A chest where they keep the Ten Commandments
9
Q
Torah
A
scroll containing Laws made of God
10
Q
Old and New Testaments
A
Christian
A bible divided into 2 parts.
11
Q
Synagogue
A
Jewish.
Communial social gathers. Located in private homes. Holds the Torah script.
12
Q
Narthex
A
Architecture.
First part of church where people could go if not baptised.
13
Q
evangelist
A
People who seeks to convert others to Christian religion
14
Q
cathedral
A
Bishops church
15
Q
diocese
A
a district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church
16
Q
Eucharist
A
Elaborate religious ceremony. performed by Jesus in the Last supper.
17
Q
Syncretism
A
combing of different beliefs/traditions either unconsciously or deliberately and gave them a new message.
18
Q
Orant
A
Pose of prayer. Arms are stretched out.
19
Q
cubicula
A
small rooms, made out of tuff (a soft volcanic rock) then plastered and waiting with imagery related to their owner’s religious beliefs.
20
Q
lunette
A
semi-circle space. Could be a painting or empty space. The space under an arch.
21
Q
Vulgate
A
e
22
Q
nave colonnade
A
row of columns in the nave
23
Q
spoila
A
the repurposing of building stone for new construction, or reuse of decorative sculpture on new monuments, is an ancient and widespread practice whereby stone that has been quarried cut and used in a built structure, is carried away to be used elsewhere.
24
Q
ambulatory
A
continuation of the aisled spaces on either side of the nave around the apse to form a continuous processional way.
** Santa Constantina Church
25
putti
a person. a child lige figure which is a cherub (kind of like cupid)
* * Harvesting of Grapes
* * Sarcophagus of Constantina
26
longitudinal-plan church
- forecourt
- atrium
- narthex
- nave
- colonnade of columns
- 2 aisles
- clerestory windows
- apse
- transept
27
aisle
(Longitudinal-plan church) nave has 2 aisles.
28
Transept
(Longitudinal-plan church) a wing that crosses the nave in front of the apse, making the building a T-shape.
29
choir
(Longitudinal-plan church) When additional space (a liturgical choir) comes between the transept and the apse, the plan is known as a Latin cross.
30
central-plan building
- atrium
- narthex
- apse
* * Church of Santa Constanza
31
oratory
small chapel
32
cruciform shape
(cross shape)
33
St. Peter
One of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ (according to the New Testament). Constantine built a church and dedicated it to him. Built on top of where he body is said to be buried.
** Old St. Peters.
34
Moses
An egyptian prince who later in life becomes a religious leader in lawgiver. Known in Judaism and Christianity. The authorship of the Torah
35
Solomon
Third king of United Monarchy
36
God of Abraham
Jewish
37
Adam and Eve
First people in this world that God created. They lived a bad life. Mostly known in Christian art.
38
Jonah
e
39
Constantine
r. 306-337) He granted his people the freedom to chose any religion they want. Built Old St. Peter.
40
Pontius Pilate
e
41
Judeo-Christian
groups Judaism and Christianity, either in reference to Christianity's derivation from Judaism or due to perceived parallels or commonalities shared between the two traditions.
42
minarets
A tall slender tower on a Mosque. With a balcony for prayer.
| ** Hagia Sophia
43
conches
half domes that extends the central plan into a longitudinal plan
* Hagia Sophia
44
galleries
a covered passageway that is open at one side. (portico or colonnade) A narrow balcony running the length of a wall.
45
pendentives vs squinches
pendentive: provides circular base for support
squinches: provides octagonal base for support
46
ciborium
a canopy over an altar in a church, standing on four pillars.
47
ambo
a raised desk for resting the book and reading off of while standing.
48
martyrium
church built on top of the grave of a martyr
49
abbey church
e
50
pilgrimage church
A church which is on the pilgrimage route. Usually holds a relic.
51
relic
A parts of a Saint. could be bones, head, books, or clothing etc.
52
cathedral
A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate
53
monasticism
Monasticism or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.
54
theophany
Theophany refers to the appearance of a deity to a human.
| ex: could be in human form, cat form, rock form etc.
55
manuscripts
handwritten books.
56
parchment
material made of animal skin. Used for writing on.
57
scroll vs codes
codex: is a book constructed of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar materials, with hand-written contents
scroll: a continuous roll of parchment paper for writing or painting on.
58
miniatures
manuscripts often included illustrations called minatures (reddish lead pigment)
59
vellum
a fine writing surface made form calfskin.
| * Rebecca at the well
60
continuous narrative
When a character is recurring.
61
ingot
block of steel, gold or silver in the form of a shape.
62
icons, iconophiles, iconoclasm
icons: images of Christ, Mary and the saints on panels. Icons were thus accepted as aids to meditation and prayer, as intermediaries between worshippers and the holy personages they depicted. Honour showed to the image was believed to transfer directly to its spiritual prototype.
iconoclasm: Image breaking. Emperor Leo 3 launched a campaign of iconoclasm (“image breaking”) banning the use of icons in worship and ordered destruction of pictures. some survived. Iconoclasm did not last. 787 iconoclasm was finished. in 813 it was reinstated again. And became an increasingly important role in Byzantine art.
iconophiles: image loving.
63
David and Goliath
David kills Goliath. with a rock and a sling.
64
Heraclius
Emperor of Byzantine in 610-641.
| ** Davids plate
65
Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora
Ruled from 527-565. Commisioned Hagia Sophia, San Vitale, and St. Catherine. Emperor was under attack and he wanted to flee, but Empress called him a coward and said she’d rather die a Empress then live a loser. They both stayed and killed 30,000 people in the process.
66
Hagia Sophia
Comissioned by Emperor Justinian.
| elements: Naos, Conche, Narthex, forecourt, apse, minarets. Longitudinal and central plan.
67
Mount Sinai
n Egypt. The place where Moses received the Ten Commandments from Jesus.
** St. Catherine.
68
Crusaders
A series of wars to try to capture Jerusalem.
69
Katholikon
Domed octogonal church. rests on four squinches. central-plan.
** Monastery churches of Hosios Loukas
70
painterly
qualities of stroke, colour and texture of a piece of art.
71
lamentation
A book of the bible.
72
doge
E
73
enamed
e
74
psalter
Volume containing the book of Psalms.
| ** David composing the psalms
75
one-point perspective
drawing method as things appear to be getting smaller the greater the distance they are.
76
parekklesion
The apse at the East end of the building. The most important apse in church.
ex: Theotokos.
77
anastasis
The resurrection of Jesus.
78
Macedonian Renassance
another name for Middle Byzantine. Since it was marked by an intensified interest in the styles and themes of classical art, as well by a general revitalization of intellectual life, including the study and emulation go the classics.
79
Hosios Loukas
The Monastry is here. Katholikian and Theotokos.
80
Palaeologue Renaissance
Period from 1261-1453. Byzantine Emperor. (Late Byzantine Art)
81
mosque/masjid
a religious and social institution at the centre of Islamic culture. A place for wosrhip.
82
mihrab
a niche in the wall of a mosque. The point neatest to Mecca. towards which the congregation faces to pray.
83
tiraz
inscribed textiles.
| ** The Maqamat of Al-Hariri
84
minbar
short flight of steps used by a preacher in a mosque.
85
hijra
e.
86
arabesques
is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements
87
caliiph
e
88
piers
structural walls between opening bays. Larger then columns.
| ** dome of the rock
89
minaret
A tower which the faithful are called to prayer
| ** The Great Mosque, Kairouan
90
spoila
the repurposing of building stone for new construction, or the reuse of decorative sculpture on new monuments, is an ancient and widespread practice whereby stone that has been quarried cut and used in a built structure, is carried away to be used elsewhere.
** The Great Mosque, Cordoba
91
maqsura
Enclosure in a mosque, situated near the mihrab and minbar, defined by a metal or timber screen, used by a ruler for purposes of protection and status
92
qibla
the direction that should be faced during Muslim prayer
93
calligraphy
The art of finely written word. The Calligraphers were high status since they needed to create the perfect ink formula, and the perfect lines with breathing techniques.
94
kufic script
s blocky and angular, with strong up right stores and long horizontals.
** Page from the Qur'an
95
diacritical marks
Diacritical markings are added to the top or bottom of a letter to indicate appropriate stress, special pronunciation, or unusual sounds not common in the alphabet.
** Page from the Qur’an
96
surah
a soft twilled silk fabric used in dressmaking
97
luster-ware
e
98
madrasa
Name for any educational institution. Religious or for school.
** The sultan Hasen
99
iwan
is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.
** The Sultan Hasen
100
chahar bagh
A garden form with cross-axial walkways dividing courtyard into quadrants.
** Palace of lions.
101
muquarna
architectural ornamented vaulting, the "geometric subdivision of a squinch, or cupola, or corbel, into a large number of miniature squinches, producing a sort of cellular structure", sometimes also called a "honeycomb" vault.
** Palace of lions
102
mirador
a turret or tower attached to a building and providing an extensive view.
103
baraka
is a kind of continuity of spiritual presence and revelation that begins with God and flows through that and those closest to God. Baraka can be found within physical objects, places, and people, as chosen by God.
104
mina'i ware
Ceramics. Persian potters developed a technique of multicolor ceramic overglaze painting. mina’i = enamel.
105
frontispiece
illustration facing title page of the book. (first page of the book)
106
school of painting
and calligraphy was founded in the early 15th century under the highly cultured patronage of the Timurid dynasty.
most famous painter of school: Kamal al-Din Bihzad who worked under the patronage of Sultain Husayan Bayqara (r. 1470-1506)
** Yusuf Fleeing Zulayhka
107
stained glass
coloured glass
| ** Baghdad Kiosk Alcoves
108
tugras
imperial cyphers.
Ottoman tugras combined the ruler’s name and title with the motto “Eternally Victorious” into a monogram denoting the authority of the sultan and of those select officials who were also granted an emblem.
tugras appeared on seals, coins and buildings, as well as on official documents called firmans.
Drawn in black or blue with 3 long vertical strokes to the right of two concentric horizontal teardrops. Patterns fill the area within the script.
** Illuminated Tugra of Sultan Suleyman
109
firmans
The tugra appeared on seals, coins, buildings and official documents (firmans). It’s a grant or a permit.
** Illuminated Tugra of Sultan Suleyman
110
connoisseur
An expert judge in matters of taste. ex: expert in painting.
** The “Court of Gayumars”
111
tapestry
e
112
wrap and weft
e
113
types of arches
round arch, pointed arch, horseshoe arch, keel arch.
114
ablaq masonry
** Madrasa Mausoleum-Mosque
115
cut tile
** Shah-i Zinda
116
muqarna
++ Palace of lions
117
wooden strapwork
** minbar
118
mosaic
** Dome of rock
119
water
++ Palace of lions
120
Prophet Muhammed
helped spread Islam
121
Mecca
city in Arabia
122
Medina
e
123
Kaaba
e
124
Shites and Sunni Muslimes
e
125
Haram al-Sharif
e
126
The Fiver Pillars of Islam
e
127
Shinan
e
128
dharma
The principle of cosmic order
129
Ashokan pillars
(Maurya Empire)
Ashoka = 3rd dynasty king. He made pillars that is a slightly tapered sandstone shaft that usually rested on a stone foundation slab sunk more than 10 feet into the ground. Usually animal sculptures on top. Pillars symbolized axis mundi. Joining earth with the common and representing the vital link between the human and celestial realms.
130
steatite
type of stone
131
seals
first evidence of Indus valley civilization
132
trefoil
ornamental design with three-lobed petals. ex: clover leaf
| ** Torso of “Priest-King”
133
samsara
(Vedic Period) Religion beliefs: a relentless cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth. Believers aspire to attain liberation from samsara and to unite the individual soul with the eternal, universal Braham.
134
shramana
(Vedic Period) Religion belief: Both Jainism and Buddhism were renunciate (shramana) traditions, centered on communities of monks and nuns who chose to operate themselves from worldly concern.
135
axis mundi
(Maurya Empire — Ashokan pillars) “Axis of the world”. Pillars symbolized axis mundi. Joining earth with the common and representing a link between the human and celestial realms.
136
yakshi and yaksha
Yakshi (a female spirit associated with the productive and reproductive forces of nature) Yaksha (Male form)
137
ascetic
e
138
nirvana
e
139
viharas
Type of rock cut halls
140
mandala
is a spiritual and ritual symbol in Indian religions, representing the universe. In common use, "mandala" has become a generic term for any diagram, chart or geometric pattern that represents the cosmos metaphysically or symbolically; a microcosm of the universe.
141
Jakata tales
stories of Buddha’s past life
| ** The Great derparture
142
chakravartin
e
143
chaitya
(Shunga Empire) A type of Rock cut halls. “Sanctuary” enshrined a stupa.
144
mithuna
The amorous male and female couples in Buddhist sculpture, usually founded at entrance to a sacred building. It symbolizes the harmony and fertility of life.
** Chaitya Hall, Karle
145
lakshanas
The 32 marks of the historical Buddha. The lakshana include, among others, the Buddha’s golden body, his long arms, the wheel impressed on his palms and soles of feet, an his elongated earlobes.
146
urna
Mark between Buddha’s eyebrows.
147
ushnisha
e
148
high relief
e
149
mudras
e
150
linga shrine
Where the East-West hall leads to a pair of colossal guardian figures flank each of its 4 entrances
** Cave temple of Shiva, Elephanta
151
moldings
e
152
maya
e
153
bas-relief
another word for low-relief (french term)
154
devaraja
“god-king”. Jayavarman 2 climbed a mountain and met up with Brahmin who performed ritual on the mountain top which marked a special relationship between them two. Jayavarman 2 was then called devaraja.
155
asura
** Vishnu Churning the Ocean of Milk
156
Stupas
solid mounds enclosing a relic, a Buddhist Shrine.
Stupas have symbolic meaning with a carefully calculated plan called a mandala, a diagram of the cosmos as envisioned in Buddhism
First stupas were constructed to house remains of the Buddha after his cremation
To venerate, or honour, the Buddha, one circumambulates (or walks around) the stupa in a clockwise direction
Toranas are gateways aligned with the cardinal points of stupas
Temples and stupas contain axis mundi running vertically up from the Cosmic Waters through the sacred image to the top of the tower.
157
Northern style temple
Shikhara: a conical (or pyramidal) spire found atop a Hindu temple and often crowned with an amalaka
Amalakas: the circular or square shaped element on top of a spire (shikhara) often crowned with a finial, symbolizing the cosmos.
Mandapas: an open hall dedicated to ritual worship
Garbhagriha: “womb chamber” a small room or shrine in a Hindu temple containing a holy image.
158
Southern style temple
e
159
Mudras list, p. 308
e
160
King Ashoka
Maurya Empire.
161
Buddhism
e
162
Indus/Harappan civilization
e
163
King Indra
e
164
Vedas
e
165
Brahman
e
166
Upanishades
e
167
Mahabharata and ramayna
400 BCE: longest literature (Vedic Period)
168
Hinduism
e
169
Jainism
e
170
Sarnath
e
171
Wheel of the Law
e
172
Siddhartha Gautama
e
173
Buddha
e
174
Four Noble Truths
e
175
Three Jewels of Buddhism
e
176
King Kanishka
(Kushan Period)
| ** King Kanishka
177
Vishni
God of preservation and protection
178
Shiva
Deiti of Hinduism. God of Creation, Destruction, Regeneration, Meditation, Arts, Yoga, and Moshka.
179
Devi
e
180
Bodhisattvas
are enlightened beings who postpone nirvana and buddhahood to help others achieve enlightenment. Distinguished from buddha’s by their princely garments.
181
Silk road
e
182
Five Rathas
e
183
Ganges river
In Hinduism, this river is considered sacred. Said to be created by Ganga. Bathing in the water will take away your sins are pure you.
** Descent of the Ganges Relief at Mallapuram
184
Harihara
e
185
ch 11
e
186
terra-cotta
** Ceramic soldiers
187
jade
How to make Jade:
- extremely difficult to make
- used sand as an abrasive to slowly grind the stone down.
188
Painted pottery cultures
e
189
cong
Jade cong: an object resembling a cylindrical tube encased in a rectangular block.
190
taotie
Ancient maks motif
| ** Mask decoration on a Jade cong
191
piece-mold casting
a model of the bronze-to-be was mad of clay and dried
after dried: cut away in pieces, which were keyed for later reassembly and then fired.
Pieces of gold were reassembled around the core and held in place by bronze spacers, which locked it in place to make sure mold was even.
then covered with another layer of clay, and a sprue, or pouring duct, was cut into the clay to receive the molten metal.
Molten bronze was then poured into the mold, which produced a bronze copy.
The vessel could be burnished
192
oracle bones
e
193
fang ding
a rectangular vessel standing on four legs. Used for food offerings.
194
guang
e
195
carillon
e
196
pictographs and ideographs
e
197
radical and phonetic
e
198
mythocentric
Another word for Han dynasty because they believed in close world between humans and supernatural worlds
** Painted Banner
199
bi
- a type of Chinese circular artifact
- jade
- symbol of heaven
200
bracketing
architectural elements projecting from the wall. supports wide eave of roofed house. BEcame standard elements in Chinese architecture.
** Tomb model of a House and Tower
201
qi and brushstrokes
e
202
handscroll
a long, narrow, horizontal composition, compact enough to be held in the hand when rolled up. They are intimate work, only meant to be viewed by 2 or 3 people at a time.
** Detail of Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies
203
calligraphy
** Portion of Letter from the Feng Ju Album
204
running/semicursive style
(Han dynasty - calligraphy)
neither too formal or not too free but with a relaxed, easy going manner.
** Portion of Letter from the Feng Ju Album
205
module
e
206
Pagoda
e
207
scroll painting
(Tang Dynasty)
A painting executed on a flexible support with rolls at each end. the rollers permit the horizontal scroll to be unrolled as it is studied or the vertical scroll to be hung for contemplation or decoration.
** Details of Ladies Preparing Newly Woven silk
208
li and qi
(Song Dynasty)
Neo-Confucianism consists of two interacting forces:
li (principle of idea): It refers to the underlying reason and order of nature as reflected in its organic forms
qi (matter): is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Breath, air, or gas.
209
Guan ware
among the most prized of the many types of Song ceramics is Guan ware, made mainly for imperial use.
** Guan Ware vessel
210
chevron
v-shaped decoration
| ** Ceremonial stand with snake
211
celadon
a high-fired, transparent glaze of pale bluish-green hue, typically applied over a pale gray stoneware body.
** Maebyeong bottle with decoration of bamboo and blossoming plum tree
212
Pagoda Diagram p. 351
w
213
Emperor Shihuangdi
e
214
Qin Dynasty
e
215
Yello, Yangzi, and Xi Rivers
e
216
Daoism
e
217
The Dao
e
218
Confucianism
e
219
Five Constant Relationships
e
220
Tang Dynasty
e
221
Amitabha
e
222
Nanchan Temple
e
223
Academy of Painters
e
224
Seokguram
e
