Chapters 6-10 Flashcards
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for major depressive disorder
Clinical Description:
- recurrent presence of depressive symptoms such as: severe depression, feeling of worthlessness, altered sleep (excessive or disrupted), changes in appetite and weight, loss of energy, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest in activities, withdrawal.
- Includes specifiers for: psychotic symptoms; anxious distress; mixed features; melancholic features; atypical features; catatonia; peripartum onset; seasonal pattern
Causes:
- Has familial and genetic influences and there is joint heritability with anxiety.
- Neurotransmitter system involved: Serotonin (most prominent) and Dopamine (sometimes) - low levels of these neurotransmitters
- Psych Dimension: Beck’s cognitive triad (cognitive errors): negative thinking about themselves, immediate world, and the future.
- Integrative model of causes: it is an interaction of biological and psychological vulnerability combined with stressful life events, possible hormonal imbalances, and social factors.
Treatment:
- Medications: MOA inhibitors, tricyclics.
- Psych Treatment: CBT (connecting cognitive errors), interpersonal therapy.
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for persistent depressive disorder
Clinical Description: Similar to major depressive disorder but symptoms are unchanging over time. The symptoms tend to be less severe but much longer lasting.
Causes:
- Has familial and genetic influences and there is joint heritability with anxiety.
- Neurotransmitter system involved: Serotonin (most prominent) and Dopamine (sometimes) - low levels of these neurotransmitters
- Psych Dimension: Beck’s cognitive triad (cognitive errors): negative thinking about themselves, immediate world, and the future.
- Integrative model of causes: it is an interaction of biological and psychological vulnerability combined with stressful life events, possible hormonal imbalances, and social factors.
Treatment:
- Medications: MOA inhibitors, tricyclics.
- Psych Treatment: CBT (connecting cognitive errors), interpersonal therapy.
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for Bipolar disorder
Clinical Description:
- BP 1: major depressive episodes with manic episodes characterized by: extreme pleasure in everyday activities; hyperactivity and rapid speech; flight of ideas; impulsiveness, hallucinations and delusions.
- BP 2: Major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (less severe mania)
Causes:
- Strong genetic factors
Treatment:
- Lithium; challenging to treat
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for somatic symptom disorder
Clinical Description:
- A preoccupation with health or body
- Severe pain is exacerbated by psychological factors and leads to anxiety and distress; there may not be a clear physical reason for pain
Causes:
- Enhanced sensitivity to illness cues
- Tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening
- Genetic predisposition
Treatment:
- Difficult to treat
- CBT to reduce stress
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for illness anxiety disorder
Clinical Description:
- Physical symptoms are absent or mild but there is intense concern with the “idea” of being sick. Reassurance, even from physicians, is unhelpful.
- Has disease conviction: they are convinced that they have some sort of illness or disease
- Specifiers if they are care-seeking or care-avoiding
Causes:
- Enhanced sensitivity to illness cues
- Tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening
- Genetic predisposition
Treatment:
- Difficult to treat
- CBT to reduce stress and reducing help-seeking behaviour
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for conversion disorder
Also called Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
Clinical Description:
- Physical malfunctioning affecting the sensory-motor system that is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder
Causes:
- Combination of interpersonal, social, and cultural factors
- Traumatic life event leads to conflict and anxiety. The repression of the conflict and anxiety means that when it surfaces, the person converts it to physical symptoms
Treatment:
- CBT
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for dissociative identity disorder.
Clinical Description:
- Disruption of identity characterized by 2 or more distinct personality traits (typically 15 or more alters)
- Aspects of the person’s identity are dissociated and the alters all co-exist simultaneously
Causes:
- Abuse
- Has some biological contributions
Treatment:
- Long term psychotherapy to try and reintegrate the aspects of personality
- Treatment of associated Trauma (similar to PTSD)
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for Bulimia Nervosa.
Clinical Description:
- Binge Eating episodes: large amounts of food consumed in a discrete period of time (~2hours), the eating feels out of control.
- Compensatory behaviour follows binge eating: e.g. vomiting, laxative use, fasting, compulsive/excessive exercise
- Medical consequences include: enlarged salivary glands, dental enamel erosion, electrolyte imbalance, disrupted hear beat, kidney failure.
Causes:
- Sociocultural pressure, media body ideals
- Glorification of diet culture
- Family influences: emphasis on success and external appearances
- Heritability and genetic factors related to body distortion/dissatisfaction
- Psych factors: low self esteem, anxiety, difficulty with emotional awareness/regulation, distorted body image
Treatment:
- Antipsychotics (dopamine), SSRIs
- CBT and interpersonal therapy; emotional focused therapy, family therapy,
- physical and nutritional support
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for Anorexia Nervosa, including subtypes.
Clinical Description:
- Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight. Based on BMI, must be 16 or less where 18 is healthy
- Fear of weight gain
- disturbance in how body weight and shape is perceived.
- Can be categorized into two subtypes: restricting type or binge eating/purging type.
- Medical Consequences: gastro-intestional and endocrine disruption; osteopenia/osteoporosis; anemia and decreased white blood cells; cardiovascular disease; heart failure and organ failure.
Causes:
- Sociocultural pressure, media body ideals
- Glorification of diet culture
- Family influences: emphasis on success and external appearances
- Heritability and genetic factors related to body distortion/dissatisfaction
- Psych factors: low self esteem, anxiety, difficulty with emotional awareness/regulation, distorted body image
Treatment:
- Antipsychotics (dopamine), SSRIs
- CBT and interpersonal therapy; emotional focused therapy, family therapy,
- physical and nutritional support
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment for Binge Eating Disorder.
Clinical Description:
- Recurrent binge eating episodes, with feelings of lack of control and distress surrounding eating. No compensatory behaviour
- Medical consequences: obesity
- Can develop into obesity
Causes:
- Sociocultural pressure, media body ideals
- Glorification of diet culture
- Family influences: emphasis on success and external appearances
- Heritability and genetic factors related to body distortion/dissatisfaction
- Psych factors: low self esteem, anxiety, difficulty with emotional awareness/regulation, distorted body image
Treatment:
- Antipsychotics (dopamine), SSRIs
- CBT and interpersonal therapy; emotional focused therapy, family therapy,
- physical and nutritional support
What is the clinical description of Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?
Deficient or absent sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desires for sexual activity that causes feelings of DISTRESS (i.e. not part of a sexual orientation)
What is the clinical description of female sexual interest/arousal disorder ?
Lack of or significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal. Absent/reduced sexual excitement.pleasures and decreased/absent genital and non-genital sensations during sexual activity.
Causes feelings of DISTRESS (i.e. not part of a sexual orientation)
What is the clinical description of erectile disorder?
Having the desire and urge for sexual activity but being unable to obtain or maintain an erection
What is the clinical description of female orgasmic disorder?
infrequent or absent orgasms; reduced intensity of orgasmic sensation. Very common in women.
What is the clinical description of premature ejaculation disorder?
Pattern of ejaculation during sexual activity within ~1minute following penetrative sex and before the person wishes.
