Chapters 11-15 Flashcards
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment of substance-related disorders.
Clinical Description:
- Problems associated with using and abusing drugs that alter patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
- Divided into problems of use with: depressants; stimulants; opiates; and hallucinogens
- Involves physiological dependence (tolerance and withdrawal)
- Includes substance induced disorders (withdrawal psychosis).
- Continued use of the substance despote significant problems
- impaired control over the use of the substance
- Risky behaviour to obtain and use substance
Causes:
- Biological Dimensions: genetic components, neurobiological factors (reward pathway)
- Psych Dimensions: positive and negative reinforcement, cognitive factors (expectations)
- Social/Cultural dimensions: exposure to use, differences in cultural expectations
- TRAUMA
Treatment:
- Agonist Substitution (e.g. methadone)
- Antagonist Treatment: blocks the positive effects of the drug
- Aversive treatment: makes the use of the substance unpleasant
- Psycho-social treatment: inpatient facilities, group therapy/support, controlled use, harm reduction, relapse prevention
Provide a clinical description of Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster A Personality Disorders (PD): Odd/Eccentric behaviour
Includes the disorders: Paranoid PD; Schizoid PD; and Schizotypal PD
Examples of symptoms: distrusting and suspicious of others, detached social relationships, erratic behaviour/dress
Provide a clinical description of Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster B PD: Dramatic/erratic behaviour
Includes the disorders: Antisocial PD; Borderline PD; Histrionic PD; Narcissistic PD;
Examples of symptoms: failure t o conform to social norms, impulsivity, lack of empathy; splitting (thinks in black and white); risky behaviour, dramatic behaviour, rapid changes in affect; grandiose sense of self.
Provide a clinical description of Cluster C personality disorders
Cluster C Personality Disorders: Anxious/fearful behaviour
Includes the disorders: avoidant PD; dependent PD; Obsessive compulsive PD
Examples of symptoms: patterns of shyness and social inhibition; hypersensitivity to negative evaluation; pervasive need to be taken care of; submissive behaviour; preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control; lack of flexibility
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment of schizophrenia
Clinical Description:
- Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms (lack of pleasure, flat affect).
- Delusions: fixed beliefs that don’t change even with conflicting evidence; includes themes of persecutory, referential, erotomaniac, somatic, religious, grandiose
- Hallucinations: vivid clear perceptions that occur without external stimulus.
Causes:
- Genetic influence (multiple genes combine to produce a vulnerability)
- High heritability
- Interaction with specific pathogens and stimuli at crucial developmental stages
- Dopamine (too much dopamine)
- Neurological structures: abnormally large ventricles leading to reduced grey matter and less activity in the frontal lobe.
- Stress can affect symptoms
Treatment:
- Neuroleptics: dopamine antagonists
- Behavioural family therapy
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment of ADHD
Clinical Description:
- Inattention: difficulty listening, organizing tasks and activities
- Hyperactivity: impulsivity, fidgeting, difficulty waiting their turn
- May be combined presentation or predominantly inattentive or predominantly hyperactive
Causes:
- hereditary factors
- genetic influences
- Inhibition of the dopamine gene
- Exposure to toxins or infections in utero
- environmental instability
Treatment:
- Stimulant Medications
- CBT
Provide a clinical description, causes, and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Clinical Description:
- Persistent difficulties with social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.
- Restricted repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities
- impairment starts in early childhood and affects daily functioning
- Challenges developing age appropriate social relationships
- Three levels of severity: requiring support; requiring substantial support; requiring very substantial support.
Causes:
- Genetics
- often have older parents
- Neurobiological factors: fewer neurons in the amygdala, lower oxytocin in blood
Treatment:
CBT for communication, socialization, and life skills.
Provide a clinical description for Major and Mild Neurocognitive disorders.
Clinical Description:
- a group of disorders where the primary clinical deficit is cognitive functioning
- cognitive impairment not present in early life
- Declines over time.
What are ten subtypes of neurocognitive disorders?
- Alzheimer’s
- Lewy Body Disease
- Vascular Disease
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Fronto-temporal Lobar Degeneration
- HIV infection
- Prion disease
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Huntington’s Disease
- Substance/Medication induced
What are Personality Disorders?
A persistent pattern of emotions, cognition, and behaviours resulting in enduring emotional distress for the affected person and/or for others. The behaviour/cognition/emotions deviate markedly form the expectations of the individual’s society. It is pervasive and inflexible and likely causes difficulties with work and relationships.
