CHAPTERS 5 AND 6 Flashcards
Pavlov’s model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal’s brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as ________.
stimulus substitution
Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
a puzzle box
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.
the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome
Which of the following is TRUE of research on insight?
Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don’t follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
spontaneous recovery
Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principle of learning that was in operation was ________.
shaping
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory.
expectancy
In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using a(n) ________ to modify the children’s behaviors.
token economy
Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?
conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure
An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.
a stop sign
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
extinction
The concept of latent learning was developed by ________.
Tolman
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
A monthly paycheck BEST represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.
operant conditioning
The “aha!” experience is known as ________.
insight learning
Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, flinching to the lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):
conditioned response.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about operant conditioning?
Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.
After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.
higher-order conditioning
Veronica has a very generous boss who occasionally brings in gift cards for his workers. He does this for no particular reason; it is just a nice way to keep people motivated. Veronica never knows when she is going to get a special bonus from her boss. Veronica’s boss is reinforcing his workers according to a ________ schedule.
variable interval
Ira has been smoking cigarettes for years, and particularly enjoys smoking when he goes to a casino to play blackjack. He recently quit smoking and has been cigarette-free for eight months. In that time, he has also had no opportunity to go back to a casino to play cards. Tonight, he and some friends went to play blackjack, and once he sat down at the table he got a sudden and irresistible urge to smoke a cigarette, and ended up smoking a pack in one night. Ira’s unexpected desire to smoke was a result of ________.
classical conditioning
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.
brain wave activity
Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is ________.
Bandura
