Chapters 5-8 Flashcards
According to Locard’s exchange principle, ___________.
you should expect to find evidence at the crime scene
Hit-and-run incidents may likely provide what?
paint evidence
What are three types of class characteristic evidence?
- Soil
- Glass
- Fibers
A(n) _____ ______ is the area within the immediate vicinity in which the criminal incident occurred or was believed to have occurred.
crime scene
The first and one of the most important steps in a crime scene operation is __________.
secure the crime scene
_________ characteristic evidence has characteristics that can be identified as originating with a particular person or source.
Individual
_______ bite marks would be left on a victim by a perpetrator.
Offensive
__________ are made when the oil and perspiration present on fingertips are transferred to another surface but are invisible.
Latent prints
Arguably, the most significant advance in the technology of criminal investigation ever is __________.
DNA printing
_______ is an electronic database that allows federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and share DNA prints.
CODIS
What are three ways wet evidence should be handled?
- Absorbed with a clean cloth and air-dried
- Stored in a refrigerator
- Places in a sealed envelope or bag
Scientific analysis of hair cannot reveal what?
the age of the individual
What is FACES used for by many law enforcement agencies?
A computer software program that can be used to develop composite faces of perpetrators
What is confabulation associated with?
Hypnosis
________ are usually non-accusatory and have the goal of developing information to move a criminal investigation forward.
Interviews
_______ witnesses are individuals who have direct knowledge of the crime in question or of the suspected perpetrator of the crime.
Primary
______________ involve bringing the suspect back to the scene of the crime or the location of the witness to see if the witness can identify the suspect as the perpetrator.
Show-up identifications
__________ is among the least reliable types of evidence yet is extremely persuasive in establishing proof.
Eyewitness testimony
Human memory consists of three phases. What are these three phases?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
_______ questions may distort the information retrieved from a witness’s memory.
Leading
The use of a _____ ______ involves the eyewitness viewing one lineup member at a time and determining whether or not that person is the perpetrator.
sequential lineup
The most significant benefit of ________ ______ is that it has been shown to be an effective tool in enhancing memory recall.
cognitive interviewing
What are three things investigators should avoid encouraging a thorough search of memory?
- Opening the interview with a request for factual details, instead of a more personal introduction
- Constantly checking the time
- Interrupting the witness
What is the weapon focus effect?
Witnesses tend to focus on the presence of a weapon and therefore forget other important details.
Which stage of memory can be affected by the lighting conditions, distance, and obstructed views?
Encoding
In interrogations, what does RPM refer to?
Rationalization, projection, minimization
Sympathizing with the suspect is most likely to be effective with ______ ______.
emotional offenders
The use of manipulators, or created jobs, in interview or interrogation situations is often associated with ______ _______.
deceptive information
A(n) ________ can be defined as any questioning or other action that is intended to elicit incriminating information from a suspect.
interrogation
If suspects agree to answer the questions of the police, then they will probably, at the least, _______________.
say something incriminating
A(n)_______ offender is one who is likely to experience considerable feelings of remorse regarding the crime.
emotional
_________ is/are the most powerful evidence of guilt in a criminal trial.
Confessions
Truthful subjects usually try to _______ meaning to the questioner. Deceptive subjects wish to ______.
convey; convince
With the polygraph, a false-positive error occurs when an ________ subject is identified as ______.
innocent; guilty
________ behaviors are generally easier to control than _______ behaviors.
verbal; nonverbal
What are three types of false confessions?
- Voluntary
- Stress complaint
- Persuaded
What crime type is most likely to have a false conviction as a result of a false confession?
Homicide
What are three items usually included in a psychological profile of a murderer?
- Race
- Employment status!
- Marital status
The ultimate objective of geographic profiling is to ________________.
identify the area in which the perpetrator lives
Psychological profiles are often used in cases where a traditional motive is lacking; they are used in the most ______ of cases.
difficult
_______ refers to what is done by the offender to derive emotional satisfaction from the crime.
Signature
In general, acts of depersonalization are associated with __________ murderers.
disorganized
The fundamental premise of _____ ______ is that human beings do not move randomly throughout their environment.
geographical profiling
________ provides the perpetrator memories of the victim or the incident.
Souvenirs
______ ________ is potentially useful in the criminal investigation process, but it is problematic and subject to error, as are other forms of evidence available to investigators.
Behavioral evidence
______ ______ is the area close to the perpetrator’s home where the perpetrator has a strong inclination to not commit a crime.
Buffer zone
______ ______ is the concept that, as the distance away from a perpetrator’s home increases, the chances of him/her committing a crime decreases.
Distance decay
What are three assumptions of the profiling process?
- Humans are creatures of habit
- Crime reflects the characteristics and personality of offender
- Signature and MO of an offender
_______ refers to the principle that offenders with similar criminal behaviors exhibit similar characteristics.
Homology
What is known as staging?
When an offender damages a door even though he had a key for it
