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Criminal Investigation > Chapters 5-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

According to Locard’s exchange principle, ___________.

A

you should expect to find evidence at the crime scene

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2
Q

Hit-and-run incidents may likely provide what?

A

paint evidence

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3
Q

What are three types of class characteristic evidence?

A
  1. Soil
  2. Glass
  3. Fibers
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4
Q

A(n) _____ ______ is the area within the immediate vicinity in which the criminal incident occurred or was believed to have occurred.

A

crime scene

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5
Q

The first and one of the most important steps in a crime scene operation is __________.

A

secure the crime scene

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6
Q

_________ characteristic evidence has characteristics that can be identified as originating with a particular person or source.

A

Individual

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7
Q

_______ bite marks would be left on a victim by a perpetrator.

A

Offensive

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8
Q

__________ are made when the oil and perspiration present on fingertips are transferred to another surface but are invisible.

A

Latent prints

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9
Q

Arguably, the most significant advance in the technology of criminal investigation ever is __________.

A

DNA printing

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10
Q

_______ is an electronic database that allows federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and share DNA prints.

A

CODIS

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11
Q

What are three ways wet evidence should be handled?

A
  1. Absorbed with a clean cloth and air-dried
  2. Stored in a refrigerator
  3. Places in a sealed envelope or bag
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12
Q

Scientific analysis of hair cannot reveal what?

A

the age of the individual

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13
Q

What is FACES used for by many law enforcement agencies?

A

A computer software program that can be used to develop composite faces of perpetrators

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14
Q

What is confabulation associated with?

A

Hypnosis

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15
Q

________ are usually non-accusatory and have the goal of developing information to move a criminal investigation forward.

A

Interviews

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16
Q

_______ witnesses are individuals who have direct knowledge of the crime in question or of the suspected perpetrator of the crime.

A

Primary

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17
Q

______________ involve bringing the suspect back to the scene of the crime or the location of the witness to see if the witness can identify the suspect as the perpetrator.

A

Show-up identifications

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18
Q

__________ is among the least reliable types of evidence yet is extremely persuasive in establishing proof.

A

Eyewitness testimony

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19
Q

Human memory consists of three phases. What are these three phases?

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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20
Q

_______ questions may distort the information retrieved from a witness’s memory.

A

Leading

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21
Q

The use of a _____ ______ involves the eyewitness viewing one lineup member at a time and determining whether or not that person is the perpetrator.

A

sequential lineup

22
Q

The most significant benefit of ________ ______ is that it has been shown to be an effective tool in enhancing memory recall.

A

cognitive interviewing

23
Q

What are three things investigators should avoid encouraging a thorough search of memory?

A
  1. Opening the interview with a request for factual details, instead of a more personal introduction
  2. Constantly checking the time
  3. Interrupting the witness
24
Q

What is the weapon focus effect?

A

Witnesses tend to focus on the presence of a weapon and therefore forget other important details.

25
Q

Which stage of memory can be affected by the lighting conditions, distance, and obstructed views?

A

Encoding

26
Q

In interrogations, what does RPM refer to?

A

Rationalization, projection, minimization

27
Q

Sympathizing with the suspect is most likely to be effective with ______ ______.

A

emotional offenders

28
Q

The use of manipulators, or created jobs, in interview or interrogation situations is often associated with ______ _______.

A

deceptive information

29
Q

A(n) ________ can be defined as any questioning or other action that is intended to elicit incriminating information from a suspect.

A

interrogation

30
Q

If suspects agree to answer the questions of the police, then they will probably, at the least, _______________.

A

say something incriminating

31
Q

A(n)_______ offender is one who is likely to experience considerable feelings of remorse regarding the crime.

A

emotional

32
Q

_________ is/are the most powerful evidence of guilt in a criminal trial.

A

Confessions

33
Q

Truthful subjects usually try to _______ meaning to the questioner. Deceptive subjects wish to ______.

A

convey; convince

34
Q

With the polygraph, a false-positive error occurs when an ________ subject is identified as ______.

A

innocent; guilty

35
Q

________ behaviors are generally easier to control than _______ behaviors.

A

verbal; nonverbal

36
Q

What are three types of false confessions?

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Stress complaint
  3. Persuaded
37
Q

What crime type is most likely to have a false conviction as a result of a false confession?

A

Homicide

38
Q

What are three items usually included in a psychological profile of a murderer?

A
  1. Race
  2. Employment status!
  3. Marital status
39
Q

The ultimate objective of geographic profiling is to ________________.

A

identify the area in which the perpetrator lives

40
Q

Psychological profiles are often used in cases where a traditional motive is lacking; they are used in the most ______ of cases.

A

difficult

41
Q

_______ refers to what is done by the offender to derive emotional satisfaction from the crime.

A

Signature

42
Q

In general, acts of depersonalization are associated with __________ murderers.

A

disorganized

43
Q

The fundamental premise of _____ ______ is that human beings do not move randomly throughout their environment.

A

geographical profiling

44
Q

________ provides the perpetrator memories of the victim or the incident.

A

Souvenirs

45
Q

______ ________ is potentially useful in the criminal investigation process, but it is problematic and subject to error, as are other forms of evidence available to investigators.

A

Behavioral evidence

46
Q

______ ______ is the area close to the perpetrator’s home where the perpetrator has a strong inclination to not commit a crime.

A

Buffer zone

47
Q

______ ______ is the concept that, as the distance away from a perpetrator’s home increases, the chances of him/her committing a crime decreases.

A

Distance decay

48
Q

What are three assumptions of the profiling process?

A
  1. Humans are creatures of habit
  2. Crime reflects the characteristics and personality of offender
  3. Signature and MO of an offender
49
Q

_______ refers to the principle that offenders with similar criminal behaviors exhibit similar characteristics.

A

Homology

50
Q

What is known as staging?

A

When an offender damages a door even though he had a key for it

Criminal Investigation (2 decks)

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