Chapters 5-7 Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
features that are overlaid on phonemes (segments) that add additional meaning
to utterances
A
Suprasegmentals
2
Q
Four suprasegmental features
A
Stress
Intonation
Tone
Length
3
Q
three types of stress
A
Contrastive
Lexical
Grammatical
4
Q
pattern of stress in an utterance
A
Rhythm
5
Q
vocal patterns of emphasis in connected speech
A
Sentential stress
6
Q
increased loudness, pitch, duration, and/or articulatory effort relative to the rest of the
sounds within the utterance
A
Stress
7
Q
melody of speech
A
Intonation
8
Q
_______ can be steady, rising, or falling
A
Pitch
9
Q
[↑]
A
rising pitch
10
Q
[↓]
A
falling pitch
11
Q
[↗]
A
global rise
12
Q
[↘]
A
global fall
13
Q
most statements in General American English are produced with falling intonation
A
Falling intonation (declination)
14
Q
falling intonation that indicates speaker is finished speaking
A
Declination
15
Q
combination of pitch and intonation
A
Prosody
16
Q
Three degrees of stress: within two-three syllable words
A
Primary: first level of stress in multisyllabic word
Secondary: second level of stress in multisyllabic word
Tertiary: third level of stress in multisyllabic word
17
Q
inherent stress pattern within a multisyllabic word
A
Lexical
18
Q
relative stress (emphasis) that a speaker places on a sound, syllable, or word
in an utterance to indicate importance
A
Contrastive
19
Q
phonemic differences in languages of the world
A
Tone
20
Q
phonemic differences in languages of the world
A
Length
21
Q
word pairs (such as noun/verb pairs) where stress changes the word
meaning
A
Grammatical
22
Q
analysis of the acoustic signal
A
Acoustic phonetics
23
Q
branch of physics that explains the properties of sounds
A
Acoustics
24
Q
entity with repeated vibration that causes sound
A
Sound source
25
Vibration travels from the sound source through a medium to our ears. what are mediums?
gas(air), liquid(water), solid (bone)
26
distance from original resting position
Displacement
27
loudness of a sound
Intensity
28
particles moved by three different types of waves
Wave types
29
displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of the
propagation of the wave
Transverse
30
displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave
Longitudinal
31
wave on the surface of two different media (pebble on water)
Surface
32
sound waves reach the ear as a transmission of variations in air
pressures
Processing sound waves
33
disturbance of the air
Sound waves
34
air molecules evenly spaced apart (equidistant)
Silence
35
disturbs molecules and forces them from resting state
Sound source
36
molecules are pushed away from the disturbance and closer to the
molecules in front of them (period of high pressure)
Compression
37
molecules behind the wave of compression become further apart (period of
low pressure)
Rarefaction
38
periods of compression and rarefaction
Waveform
39
on a wavefrom, Time is shown on the ____ axis and Pressure/amplitude (loudness) is shown on the _____ axis
x;y
40
measure pressure variations from initial atmospheric pressure of zero (silence)
Measuring sound waves
41
measure of time from resting position through maximal compression and
rarefaction dispersion
Cycle
42
time it takes to complete one cycle
Period
43
number of times the compression and rarefaction cycle occurs in a second
Frequency
44
measurement unit for cycles per second
Hertz (Hz)
45
number of vibrations of sound that happen per second
Frequency range
46
Human ear hears low frequencies of _____Hz through high frequencies of ______Hz
20Hz;20,000Hz
47
number of vibrations of sound that happen per second
Frequency range
48
Speech sounds range from_______
250Hz to 8000Hz
49
objective measure of pitch
Fundamental frequency (F0)
50
Larger vocal tracts
larger and longer vocal folds which vibrate at a lower rate
51
Male: F0 between ____ Hz
80-200Hz
52
Female: F0 up to _____Hz
400Hz
53
Children: F0 between ________Hz and can be up to _____Hz
250-400Hz; 800Hz
54
intensity of air pressure vibrations (loudness)
Amplitude
55
Amplitude is measured in ____
decibels (dB)
56
subjective measurement of intensity
Loudness
57
human ear detects sounds from _____dB
0-140dB
58
Speech typically at ____dB
60dB
59
relatively unobstructed airway and
greatest amplitude (perceived as louder)
Sonorants (vowels, nasals, liquids, glides)
60
presence of degree of obstruction and
lower amplitude (perceived as quieter)
Obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates)
61
Obstruents includes:
stops, fricatives, affricates
62
Sonorants includes:
vowels, nasals, liquids, glides
63
perception of pitch and loudness
Subjective measurements
64
frequency and amplitude measured with Hz and dB
Objective measurements
65
cycle of pressure buildup and release that results in high and low pressure
periods that are repeated between 80-400 times per second
Vocal fold vibration
66
Lower frequency repetitions heard as_____
& Higher frequency repetitions heard as ____
lower pitch; higher pitch
67
visual representation of sound wave
Waveforms
68
smooth, repeating sound wave (tuning fork), simple,
recurring wave
Sine wave (sinusoidal wave)
69
air pressure variations over time
Waveform
70
energy from the sound source traveling at many different frequencies
Complex sound waves
71
periodic cycles
Periodicity
72
each cycle is a repetition of the preceding and following cycle
Periodic waves
73
unpredictable and chaotic properties
Aperiodic waves
74
calculate using a waveform
Fundamental frequency
75
count number of cycles in a period of time and divide that number by the
amount of time passed in seconds
Calculate F0
76
F0=
F0 = # cycles/time in seconds
77
method of separating a complex non-sinusoidal wave into its constituent sine
waves of different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases
Fourier Analysis
78
timing of the cycles of the complex wave (starting and stopping points)
Phasing
79
compare sounds that differ in intensity and length (duration)
Waveforms of speech
80
high amplitude sounds show visible darkness on waveform
o Vowel: intensity peaks
Sonorants
81
decreased intensity compared with sonorants appear lighter on waveform
o Stops: sharp burst of intensity resulting from pressure changes when articulators
come apart
Obstruents
82
allow for measurement of fundamental frequency and intensity (amplitude),
and repetition of the vibratory cycles
Waveforms
83
visual representation of sound that graphs a single moment in time
Spectrum
84
dependent on sound source and shape of the vocal tract
Frequencies
85
whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
Harmonics
86
sound originates from a source and is filtered by the vocal tract which
gives it characteristic resonant qualities
Source-Filter Theory
87
group of harmonics that form a band of acoustic energy that corresponds to a
resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract
Formants
88
three-dimensional representation of complex sound wave
Spectrogram
89
each_____ has a unique formant structure based on the frequency of F1 and F2
Vowel
90
F1: inverse of vowel height (opposite relationship)
* Low F1 = ____ vowel
* High F1 = ____ vowel
high; low
91
F2: tongue advancement (forward or back in oral cavity)
* Low F2 = ____ vowel
* High F2 = _____vowel
back; front
92
visible bands of darkness on spectrogram
Vowel formants
93
steady state vowel with bands in straight lines
Monophthongs
94
movement in formants (rise/fall) in transition from onglide to offglide
Diphthongs
95
Consonants: voice, place, and manner
* Characteristics of consonants are visible on spectrograms
true
96
dark band of period energy at or below 200Hz
Voice bar
97
Voiceless sounds do not have a voice bar
true
98
slightly lower F2 and F3
Bilabials
99
slightly higher F2 and F3
Alveolars
100
F2 and F3 come together (velar pinch)
Velar
101
air pressure built up behind the articulators and sudden release causing decrease in air
pressure creating brief turbulent airflow
Stops
102
F1 transition has rising transition
Voiced stops
103
no F1 transition and F2 varies depending on vowel
Voiceless stops
104
F2 is rising
Bilabial transition
105
F2 is falling
Velar transition
106
length of time after the release of the stop consonant
before the start of vocal fold vibration of the vowel
Voice onset time (VOT)
107
vocal tract constricted and air travels through a narrow opening between the
articulators
Fricatives
108
briefly obstructing vocal tract and followed by partial obstruction (stop + fricative)
Affricates
108
briefly obstructing vocal tract and followed by partial obstruction (stop + fricative)
Affricates
109
voiced continuants
Nasals
110
liquids and glides
Approximants
111
lower F3 and F4, low frequency starting point for F3 transition
/ɹ/ and rhotics
112
more formant energy than liquids and nasals
Glides
113
understanding of sounds and sound patterns in any given language
Phonology
114
speech sounds in articulatory units – sounds produced in speech
Phones
115
smallest meaningful unit of sound that changes word meaning in a language
Phoneme
116
acceptable variant productions of a phoneme
Allophone
117
study of how phonemes function in a language and analysis of
phonological structure of a language
Linguistic phonetics
118
understanding of how sounds can be combined in a language to form words
Phonology
119
rules that govern permissible combinations of sounds in a language
Phonotactics
120
uses // for phonemes
Broad transcription
121
uses [ ] for phonemes and allophones (predictable allophonic variations
and speaker-specific productions)
Narrow transcription
122
dynamic process where articulatory environments affects consonants and vowels
Speech
123
sound’s production is modified due to a sound that is coming after it
Anticipatory coarticulation
124
Common anticipatory coarticulation contexts:
Lip rounding
Dentalization
Nasalization
125
a sound’s production is modified
due to a sound that came before it as you continue to carryover some aspect of the prior
sound to the current sound
Perseverative coarticulation (carryover or retentive)
126
Common perseverative coarticulation:
Partial devoicing: “print” and “clap”
127
pair of words that differ by only a single phoneme
Minimal pair
128
same rime (vowel nucleus and coda)
Rhyming words
129
when two phonemes occur in a minimal pair in a language
Contrastive distribution
130
sounds that can be produced in different ways in the same context without
changing the meaning of the word
Free variation
131
allophones that occur in one specific context
Complementary distribution
132
phonological theory that the syllable is the primary component in organizing speech
and phonological development
Syllabicity
133
two or more consonants
Consonant cluster
134
at a minimum, a syllable contains either one vowel or a syllabic consonant
Syllable structure
135
Parts of a syllable: syllables can be divided into their component parts
Nucleus
Onset
Coda
Rime
136
vowel center of a syllable
Nucleus
137
Onset
Onset
138
consonant or consonant cluster in syllable arresting position (after vowel)
Coda
139
Rime: vowel nucleus + coda
Rime
140
A word can have an onset and no ____. Example: bye, hi, try, fly
coda
141
A word can have a coda and no _____. Example: eat, ease, eyes
onset
142
two syllables
Disyllabic
143
three syllables
Trisyllabic
144
three syllables
Trisyllabic
145
language-specific rules for sound patterns
Allophonic patterns
146
describe speakers’ use of sounds
Descriptive
147
make judgements about value of speech and enforce standard
productions
Prescriptive
