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Phonetics > Chapters 5-7 Final Review > Flashcards

Chapters 5-7 Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

features that are overlaid on phonemes (segments) that add additional meaning
to utterances

A

Suprasegmentals

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2
Q

Four suprasegmental features

A

Stress
Intonation
Tone
Length

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3
Q

three types of stress

A

Contrastive
Lexical
Grammatical

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4
Q

pattern of stress in an utterance

A

Rhythm

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5
Q

vocal patterns of emphasis in connected speech

A

Sentential stress

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6
Q

increased loudness, pitch, duration, and/or articulatory effort relative to the rest of the
sounds within the utterance

A

Stress

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7
Q

melody of speech

A

Intonation

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8
Q

_______ can be steady, rising, or falling

A

Pitch

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9
Q

[↑]

A

rising pitch

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10
Q

[↓]

A

falling pitch

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11
Q

[↗]

A

global rise

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12
Q

[↘]

A

global fall

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13
Q

most statements in General American English are produced with falling intonation

A

Falling intonation (declination)

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14
Q

falling intonation that indicates speaker is finished speaking

A

Declination

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15
Q

combination of pitch and intonation

A

Prosody

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16
Q

Three degrees of stress: within two-three syllable words

A

Primary: first level of stress in multisyllabic word
Secondary: second level of stress in multisyllabic word
Tertiary: third level of stress in multisyllabic word

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17
Q

inherent stress pattern within a multisyllabic word

A

Lexical

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18
Q

relative stress (emphasis) that a speaker places on a sound, syllable, or word
in an utterance to indicate importance

A

Contrastive

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19
Q

phonemic differences in languages of the world

A

Tone

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20
Q

phonemic differences in languages of the world

A

Length

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21
Q

word pairs (such as noun/verb pairs) where stress changes the word
meaning

A

Grammatical

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22
Q

analysis of the acoustic signal

A

Acoustic phonetics

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23
Q

branch of physics that explains the properties of sounds

A

Acoustics

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24
Q

entity with repeated vibration that causes sound

A

Sound source

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25
Q

Vibration travels from the sound source through a medium to our ears. what are mediums?

A

gas(air), liquid(water), solid (bone)

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26
Q

distance from original resting position

A

Displacement

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27
Q

loudness of a sound

A

Intensity

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28
Q

particles moved by three different types of waves

A

Wave types

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29
Q

displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of the
propagation of the wave

A

Transverse

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30
Q

displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave

A

Longitudinal

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31
Q

wave on the surface of two different media (pebble on water)

A

Surface

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32
Q

sound waves reach the ear as a transmission of variations in air
pressures

A

Processing sound waves

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33
Q

disturbance of the air

A

Sound waves

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34
Q

air molecules evenly spaced apart (equidistant)

A

Silence

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35
Q

disturbs molecules and forces them from resting state

A

Sound source

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36
Q

molecules are pushed away from the disturbance and closer to the
molecules in front of them (period of high pressure)

A

Compression

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37
Q

molecules behind the wave of compression become further apart (period of
low pressure)

A

Rarefaction

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38
Q

periods of compression and rarefaction

A

Waveform

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39
Q

on a wavefrom, Time is shown on the ____ axis and Pressure/amplitude (loudness) is shown on the _____ axis

A

x;y

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40
Q

measure pressure variations from initial atmospheric pressure of zero (silence)

A

Measuring sound waves

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41
Q

measure of time from resting position through maximal compression and
rarefaction dispersion

A

Cycle

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42
Q

time it takes to complete one cycle

A

Period

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43
Q

number of times the compression and rarefaction cycle occurs in a second

A

Frequency

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44
Q

measurement unit for cycles per second

A

Hertz (Hz)

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45
Q

number of vibrations of sound that happen per second

A

Frequency range

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46
Q

Human ear hears low frequencies of _____Hz through high frequencies of ______Hz

A

20Hz;20,000Hz

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47
Q

number of vibrations of sound that happen per second

A

Frequency range

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48
Q

Speech sounds range from_______

A

250Hz to 8000Hz

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49
Q

objective measure of pitch

A

Fundamental frequency (F0)

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50
Q

Larger vocal tracts

A

larger and longer vocal folds which vibrate at a lower rate

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51
Q

Male: F0 between ____ Hz

A

80-200Hz

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52
Q

Female: F0 up to _____Hz

A

400Hz

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53
Q

Children: F0 between ________Hz and can be up to _____Hz

A

250-400Hz; 800Hz

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54
Q

intensity of air pressure vibrations (loudness)

A

Amplitude

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55
Q

Amplitude is measured in ____

A

decibels (dB)

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56
Q

subjective measurement of intensity

A

Loudness

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57
Q

human ear detects sounds from _____dB

A

0-140dB

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58
Q

Speech typically at ____dB

A

60dB

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59
Q

relatively unobstructed airway and
greatest amplitude (perceived as louder)

A

Sonorants (vowels, nasals, liquids, glides)

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60
Q

presence of degree of obstruction and
lower amplitude (perceived as quieter)

A

Obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates)

61
Q

Obstruents includes:

A

stops, fricatives, affricates

62
Q

Sonorants includes:

A

vowels, nasals, liquids, glides

63
Q

perception of pitch and loudness

A

Subjective measurements

64
Q

frequency and amplitude measured with Hz and dB

A

Objective measurements

65
Q

cycle of pressure buildup and release that results in high and low pressure
periods that are repeated between 80-400 times per second

A

Vocal fold vibration

66
Q

Lower frequency repetitions heard as_____
& Higher frequency repetitions heard as ____

A

lower pitch; higher pitch

67
Q

visual representation of sound wave

A

Waveforms

68
Q

smooth, repeating sound wave (tuning fork), simple,
recurring wave

A

Sine wave (sinusoidal wave)

69
Q

air pressure variations over time

A

Waveform

70
Q

energy from the sound source traveling at many different frequencies

A

Complex sound waves

71
Q

periodic cycles

A

Periodicity

72
Q

each cycle is a repetition of the preceding and following cycle

A

Periodic waves

73
Q

unpredictable and chaotic properties

A

Aperiodic waves

74
Q

calculate using a waveform

A

Fundamental frequency

75
Q

count number of cycles in a period of time and divide that number by the
amount of time passed in seconds

A

Calculate F0

76
Q

F0=

A

F0 = # cycles/time in seconds

77
Q

method of separating a complex non-sinusoidal wave into its constituent sine
waves of different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases

A

Fourier Analysis

78
Q

timing of the cycles of the complex wave (starting and stopping points)

A

Phasing

79
Q

compare sounds that differ in intensity and length (duration)

A

Waveforms of speech

80
Q

high amplitude sounds show visible darkness on waveform
o Vowel: intensity peaks

A

Sonorants

81
Q

decreased intensity compared with sonorants appear lighter on waveform
o Stops: sharp burst of intensity resulting from pressure changes when articulators
come apart

A

Obstruents

82
Q

allow for measurement of fundamental frequency and intensity (amplitude),
and repetition of the vibratory cycles

A

Waveforms

83
Q

visual representation of sound that graphs a single moment in time

A

Spectrum

84
Q

dependent on sound source and shape of the vocal tract

A

Frequencies

85
Q

whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

A

Harmonics

86
Q

sound originates from a source and is filtered by the vocal tract which
gives it characteristic resonant qualities

A

Source-Filter Theory

87
Q

group of harmonics that form a band of acoustic energy that corresponds to a
resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract

A

Formants

88
Q

three-dimensional representation of complex sound wave

A

Spectrogram

89
Q

each_____ has a unique formant structure based on the frequency of F1 and F2

A

Vowel

90
Q

F1: inverse of vowel height (opposite relationship)
* Low F1 = ____ vowel
* High F1 = ____ vowel

A

high; low

91
Q

F2: tongue advancement (forward or back in oral cavity)
* Low F2 = ____ vowel
* High F2 = _____vowel

A

back; front

92
Q

visible bands of darkness on spectrogram

A

Vowel formants

93
Q

steady state vowel with bands in straight lines

A

Monophthongs

94
Q

movement in formants (rise/fall) in transition from onglide to offglide

A

Diphthongs

95
Q

Consonants: voice, place, and manner
* Characteristics of consonants are visible on spectrograms

A

true

96
Q

dark band of period energy at or below 200Hz

A

Voice bar

97
Q

Voiceless sounds do not have a voice bar

A

true

98
Q

slightly lower F2 and F3

A

Bilabials

99
Q

slightly higher F2 and F3

A

Alveolars

100
Q

F2 and F3 come together (velar pinch)

A

Velar

101
Q

air pressure built up behind the articulators and sudden release causing decrease in air
pressure creating brief turbulent airflow

A

Stops

102
Q

F1 transition has rising transition

A

Voiced stops

103
Q

no F1 transition and F2 varies depending on vowel

A

Voiceless stops

104
Q

F2 is rising

A

Bilabial transition

105
Q

F2 is falling

A

Velar transition

106
Q

length of time after the release of the stop consonant
before the start of vocal fold vibration of the vowel

A

Voice onset time (VOT)

107
Q

vocal tract constricted and air travels through a narrow opening between the
articulators

A

Fricatives

108
Q

briefly obstructing vocal tract and followed by partial obstruction (stop + fricative)

A

Affricates

108
Q

briefly obstructing vocal tract and followed by partial obstruction (stop + fricative)

A

Affricates

109
Q

voiced continuants

A

Nasals

110
Q

liquids and glides

A

Approximants

111
Q

lower F3 and F4, low frequency starting point for F3 transition

A

/ɹ/ and rhotics

112
Q

more formant energy than liquids and nasals

A

Glides

113
Q

understanding of sounds and sound patterns in any given language

A

Phonology

114
Q

speech sounds in articulatory units – sounds produced in speech

A

Phones

115
Q

smallest meaningful unit of sound that changes word meaning in a language

A

Phoneme

116
Q

acceptable variant productions of a phoneme

A

Allophone

117
Q

study of how phonemes function in a language and analysis of
phonological structure of a language

A

Linguistic phonetics

118
Q

understanding of how sounds can be combined in a language to form words

A

Phonology

119
Q

rules that govern permissible combinations of sounds in a language

A

Phonotactics

120
Q

uses // for phonemes

A

Broad transcription

121
Q

uses [ ] for phonemes and allophones (predictable allophonic variations
and speaker-specific productions)

A

Narrow transcription

122
Q

dynamic process where articulatory environments affects consonants and vowels

A

Speech

123
Q

sound’s production is modified due to a sound that is coming after it

A

Anticipatory coarticulation

124
Q

Common anticipatory coarticulation contexts:

A

Lip rounding
Dentalization
Nasalization

125
Q

a sound’s production is modified
due to a sound that came before it as you continue to carryover some aspect of the prior
sound to the current sound

A

Perseverative coarticulation (carryover or retentive)

126
Q

Common perseverative coarticulation:

A

Partial devoicing: “print” and “clap”

127
Q

pair of words that differ by only a single phoneme

A

Minimal pair

128
Q

same rime (vowel nucleus and coda)

A

Rhyming words

129
Q

when two phonemes occur in a minimal pair in a language

A

Contrastive distribution

130
Q

sounds that can be produced in different ways in the same context without
changing the meaning of the word

A

Free variation

131
Q

allophones that occur in one specific context

A

Complementary distribution

132
Q

phonological theory that the syllable is the primary component in organizing speech
and phonological development

A

Syllabicity

133
Q

two or more consonants

A

Consonant cluster

134
Q

at a minimum, a syllable contains either one vowel or a syllabic consonant

A

Syllable structure

135
Q

Parts of a syllable: syllables can be divided into their component parts

A

Nucleus
Onset
Coda
Rime

136
Q

vowel center of a syllable

A

Nucleus

137
Q

Onset

A

Onset

138
Q

consonant or consonant cluster in syllable arresting position (after vowel)

A

Coda

139
Q

Rime: vowel nucleus + coda

A

Rime

140
Q

A word can have an onset and no ____. Example: bye, hi, try, fly

A

coda

141
Q

A word can have a coda and no _____. Example: eat, ease, eyes

A

onset

142
Q

two syllables

A

Disyllabic

143
Q

three syllables

A

Trisyllabic

144
Q

three syllables

A

Trisyllabic

145
Q

language-specific rules for sound patterns

A

Allophonic patterns

146
Q

describe speakers’ use of sounds

A

Descriptive

147
Q

make judgements about value of speech and enforce standard
productions

A

Prescriptive

Phonetics (3 decks)

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