chapters 5-6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

constitutional isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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2
Q

stereoisomers

A

differ in 3d arrangement of atoms

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3
Q

conformation

A

different versions of a molecule assuming that free rotation is paused

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4
Q

torsional strain

A

strain caused by groups eclipsing and wanting to twist away from each other

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5
Q

steric stain

A

strain caused by the repulsion of groups in close proximity

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6
Q

angle strain

A

strain caused by angles that are reduced

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7
Q

what are the strains in cyclopropanes

A
  • lots of angle strain because their bond angles are of 60 instead of 109.5
    -all of their hydrogens are eclipsed so torsional strain
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8
Q

what are the strains in cyclobutanes

A

-torsional strain if it is flat because all h will be eclipsed but less torsional strain if 2 c up and 2 c down because they will all be staggered
-steric strain due to axial positions
-lots of angle strain since angles are of 90 instead 109.5

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9
Q

what makes for a chiral molecules

A

-at least one chiral c (Sp3 Carbon with all different groups)
-no plane of symmetry
-# of possible stereoisomers = 2^n where n is the # of chiral C

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10
Q

what is the opposite of chiral

A

achiral

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11
Q

what is a miso compound

A

a molecule that is superimposable with its mirror image

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12
Q

what is a racemic mixture

A

an equal amount of both enantiomers

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13
Q

what does a junction in a fisher projection represent

A

a chiral carbon

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14
Q

what does a vertical line represent In a fisher projection

A

substituents going into the plane

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15
Q

what does a horizontal line represent in a fisher projection

A

a substituent coming out of the plane

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16
Q

clockwise

A

R

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17
Q

counterclockwise

A

S

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18
Q

1R and 1S (1 chiral center)

A

enantiomers

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19
Q

1R and 1R (1 chiral center)

A

same molecule

20
Q

2R and 2S (2 chiral centers)

A

enantiomers

21
Q

4R (2 chiral centers)

A

same molecule

22
Q

3R 1S (2 chiral centers)

A

diastereoisomers

23
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

a reaction that has a double or a triple bond of some sort and is added a group to one of the c that makes this bond

24
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

a reaction where a molecule is taken 2 groups to from a ∏ bond

25
what is a substitution reaction
a group taking the place of another one on a molecule
26
what is a rearrangement reaction
an atom that changes place on a molecule (not a pair of electron like resonance)
27
electron rich
an atom that has extra electrons and looks for positive charge in the nucleus
28
electron poor
deficiant in electron, wants more
29
electrophile
looking for more electrons
30
nucleophile
wants positive charge
31
what is the rate determining step in a mechanism
the slow step
32
what's a mechanism
a step by step description of how a reaction occurs : - which bonds break -which bonds are formed -in what order
33
what are the two ways a bond is made or broken
symmetrical where an electron goes to each atom in the bond unsymmetrical where the two electrons go on the same atom
34
how is the movement of electrons shown and where do they start from and where do they go
arrows show the movement of electrons from a nucleophile to an electrophile
35
what charge can a nucleophile have and what will it be after donating a pair of electrons
the nucleophile can start as negative or neutral when it donates, the neutral becomes positive or the negative becomes neutral
36
what charge can an electrophile have and what will it be after accepting a pair of electrons
the electrophile can start as positive or neutral after receiving, the neutral would become negative or the positive becomes neutral
37
what is an endothermic reaction
△H positive
38
what is an exothermic reaction
△H negative
39
what is △G
Gibbs free energy and entropy
40
what does a positive △G mean
an endergonic reaction so not spontaneous. k is small
41
what does a negative △G mean
an exergonic reaction so spontaneous. k is large
42
what is the formula for △G
△G=-RTlnKeq
43
what is △S
a change in entropy
44
what formula is related to △S
△G=△H-T△S
45
if a reaction is product favored, what will be its Gibbs free energy
negative