chapters 5-6-7

Question 1

constitutional isomers

Answer 1

same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 2

stereoisomers

Answer 2

differ in 3d arrangement of atoms

Question 3

conformation

Answer 3

different versions of a molecule assuming that free rotation is paused

Question 4

torsional strain

Answer 4

strain caused by groups eclipsing and wanting to twist away from each other

Question 5

steric stain

Answer 5

strain caused by the repulsion of groups in close proximity

Question 6

angle strain

Answer 6

strain caused by angles that are reduced

Question 7

what are the strains in cyclopropanes

Answer 7

• lots of angle strain because their bond angles are of 60 instead of 109.5
  -all of their hydrogens are eclipsed so torsional strain

Question 8

what are the strains in cyclobutanes

Answer 8

-torsional strain if it is flat because all h will be eclipsed but less torsional strain if 2 c up and 2 c down because they will all be staggered
-steric strain due to axial positions
-lots of angle strain since angles are of 90 instead 109.5

Question 9

what makes for a chiral molecules

Answer 9

-at least one chiral c (Sp3 Carbon with all different groups)
-no plane of symmetry
-# of possible stereoisomers = 2^n where n is the # of chiral C

Question 10

what is the opposite of chiral

Answer 10

achiral

Question 11

what is a miso compound

Answer 11

a molecule that is superimposable with its mirror image

Question 12

what is a racemic mixture

Answer 12

an equal amount of both enantiomers

Question 13

what does a junction in a fisher projection represent

Answer 13

a chiral carbon

Question 14

what does a vertical line represent In a fisher projection

Answer 14

substituents going into the plane

Question 15

what does a horizontal line represent in a fisher projection

Answer 15

a substituent coming out of the plane

Question 16

clockwise

Answer 16

R

Question 17

counterclockwise

Answer 17

S

Question 18

1R and 1S (1 chiral center)

Answer 18

enantiomers

Question 19

1R and 1R (1 chiral center)

Answer 19

same molecule

Question 20

2R and 2S (2 chiral centers)

Answer 20

enantiomers

Question 21

4R (2 chiral centers)

Answer 21

same molecule

Question 22

3R 1S (2 chiral centers)

Answer 22

diastereoisomers

Question 23

what is an addition reaction

Answer 23

a reaction that has a double or a triple bond of some sort and is added a group to one of the c that makes this bond

Question 24

what is an elimination reaction

Answer 24

a reaction where a molecule is taken 2 groups to from a ∏ bond

Question 25

what is a substitution reaction

Answer 25

a group taking the place of another one on a molecule

Question 26

what is a rearrangement reaction

Answer 26

an atom that changes place on a molecule (not a pair of electron like resonance)

Question 27

electron rich

Answer 27

an atom that has extra electrons and looks for positive charge in the nucleus

Question 28

electron poor

Answer 28

deficiant in electron, wants more

Question 29

electrophile

Answer 29

looking for more electrons

Question 30

nucleophile

Answer 30

wants positive charge

Question 31

what is the rate determining step in a mechanism

Answer 31

the slow step

Question 32

what's a mechanism

Answer 32

a step by step description of how a reaction occurs : - which bonds break -which bonds are formed -in what order

Question 33

what are the two ways a bond is made or broken

Answer 33

symmetrical where an electron goes to each atom in the bond unsymmetrical where the two electrons go on the same atom

Question 34

how is the movement of electrons shown and where do they start from and where do they go

Answer 34

arrows show the movement of electrons from a nucleophile to an electrophile

Question 35

what charge can a nucleophile have and what will it be after donating a pair of electrons

Answer 35

the nucleophile can start as negative or neutral when it donates, the neutral becomes positive or the negative becomes neutral

Question 36

what charge can an electrophile have and what will it be after accepting a pair of electrons

Answer 36

the electrophile can start as positive or neutral after receiving, the neutral would become negative or the positive becomes neutral

Question 37

what is an endothermic reaction

Answer 37

△H positive

Question 38

what is an exothermic reaction

Answer 38

△H negative

Question 39

what is △G

Answer 39

Gibbs free energy and entropy

Question 40

what does a positive △G mean

Answer 40

an endergonic reaction so not spontaneous. k is small

Question 41

what does a negative △G mean

Answer 41

an exergonic reaction so spontaneous. k is large

Question 42

what is the formula for △G

Answer 42

△G=-RTlnKeq

Question 43

what is △S

Answer 43

a change in entropy

Question 44

what formula is related to △S

Answer 44

△G=△H-T△S

Question 45

if a reaction is product favored, what will be its Gibbs free energy

Answer 45

negative