Chapters 4 through 6

Question 1

What is the Stochastic theory?

Answer 1

discusses aging as a random event that occurs and accumulates over time

Question 2

What is the Nonstochastic theory?

Answer 2

suggests that aging is a predetermined or timed process of events

Question 3

What is the error theory?

Answer 3

is based on the idea that errors can occur in the process of DNA transcription, and eventually lead to aging or death of the cell.

Question 4

What is the free-radical theory?

Answer 4

the molecular byproducts of metabolic and environmental activities within the body that contain unpaired ions/electrons that exist momentarily and are highly reactive.

Question 5

What is the cross-link theory?

Answer 5

with advancing age, some proteins become increasingly cross-linked or entwined and impede metabolic processes.

Question 6

What is the wear and tear theory?

Answer 6

suggests that tissues and cells have vital parts that wear out with repeated use, resulting in many of the changes of aging.

Question 7

What is programmed-aging theory? Also known as Hayflick Limit Theory?

Answer 7

unlimited cell division does not occur, therefore, immortality of the human being would be an abnormal occurrence.

Question 8

What is immunity theory?

Answer 8

immune function diminishes with age

Question 9

What is the disengagement theory?

Answer 9

as a person ages, he or she disengages and becomes more self-centered, preferring to withdraw from society and becoming more internally focused, (short-lived theory)

Question 10

What is activity theory?

Answer 10

people need to be more active to promote life satisfaction and a positive self concept

Question 11

What is continuity theory?

Answer 11

proposes that how a person has been throughout life is how that person will continue through the remainder of life

Question 12

What is age stratification theory?

Answer 12

societal values-society determines which cohort group individuals belong to

Question 13

What is person-environment-fit theory?

Answer 13

posits that a person’s competencies mold and shape him or her throughout life, and play a major role in helping a person deal with a changing environment

Question 14

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Theory?

Answer 14

each individual has an innate internal hierarchy of needs that motivate all human behaviors….includes: biological integrity, moves through safety, security, belonging, and self esteem and ends with self actualization (personal values)

Question 15

What is Jung’s Theory?

Answer 15

a person’s personality is visualized as oriented toward either the external or internal world. (mid-life crisis) is a right of passage along the continuum of successful aging

Question 16

What is Erikson’s Stages of Life?

Answer 16

focuses on a life span approach from birth to death

Question 17

What is Peck’s Expansion of Erikson’s Theory?

Answer 17

Peck expanded on the 8th stage of older adulthood. The older person’s task is to achieve feelings of worth and self significance from areas other than works. The older person’s task is to adjust to the declines in physical self that can occur with age. The final stage involves the older adult accepting that death is inevitable, but not dwelling on it

Question 18

What is Orem’s Self Care Theory?

Answer 18

describes patients as self care participants, nurses can help patients achieve the self care skills needed to promote health, enhance recover from disease, and facilitate a peaceful death.

Question 19

What is Roger’s Force Field Theory?

Answer 19

defines a patient as a force field that interacts with other energy sources in the environment, the nurse is responsible for promoting synergistic actions that promote the patient’s health

Question 20

What is Roy’s Adaptation Theory?

Answer 20

that patients are in constant contact with a dynamic environment, the goal of nursing is to promote patients’ innate and acquired mechanisms for adaptation to health and illness

Question 21

What is Change Theory?

Answer 21

moves people toward change, deciding what actions are needed to bring about the change, identifying moving and restraining forces