Chapters 4 - 6 Flashcards
What are the 3 sequences of physical development?
cephalocaudal development
Promimodistal development
Differentiation
What is cephalocaudal development?
Development proceeds from the upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body
What is Proximodistal development?
Growth and development also proceed from the trunk outward, from the body’s central axis toward the periphery
Define differentiation
A children mature, their behaviors become less loose and global, and more specific and distinct
What is failure to thrive (FTT)?
A disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight
What is canalization?
The tendency to return to ones genially determined pattern of growth
What are some guidelines for infant nutrition?
- Build-up to a variety of foods
- Pay attention to infants’ appetite
- Don’t restrict fat & cholesterol too much; babies need calories and some fat
- Don’t overdo high-fiber foods
- Generally, avoid items with added sugar and salt
- Encourage eating of high-iron foods
What is a dendrite?
Root-like parts of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons
What is a axon?
A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through branching structures called axon terminals
What is the medullas function?
Heartbeat and respiration
What is the cerebellum function?
Help maintain balance, control behavior, and coordinate eye movements with bodily sensations
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Thought, memory, and language
What is an ulnar grasp?
Holding objects between fingers and palms
What is pincer grasp?
Oppositional thumb comes into play, enabling infants to pick up objects with finger and thumb
What is locomotion?
Movement from one place to another
What is a creeping motion?
Infant move themselves along on their hands and knees
When does the creeping motion appear?
A month after crawling
What does the development of vision involve?
Visual acuity(sharpness), development of peripheral vision, depth perception, perceptual constancies(knowing an object is the same object no matter how you look at it from different angles)
What is perceptual constancy?
perceiving objects as maintaining their identity although sensations from them change as their positions change
What is habituation?
Becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for at least…
a. 4-6 months
b. 6-9 months
c. one year
d. two years
C
Which of the following is untrue about breastfeeding?
a. breastfeeding cannot transmit HIV
b. breastfeeding helps shrink the uterus after delivery
c. breast milk can transmit polychlorinated biphenyls
d. breastfeeding reduces the risk of ovarian cancer
A
How long does it take for a child’s brain to reach 70% of its adult weight?
a. one year
b. two years
c. three years
d. five years
A
Which part of the brain helps the child maintain balance?
a. medulla
b. amygdala
c. auditory cortex
d. cerebellum
D
Vision is the infant’s dominant sense at…
a. birth
b. 1-4 months
c. 5-6 months
d. 1 year
C
Myelination of motor pathways allows neonates to engage in…
a. reflexes
b. the beating of the heart
c. respiration
d. the cycles of waking and sleeping
A
The myelination of neurons involved in the sense of hearing begins…
a. germinal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. fetal stage
d. after birth
C
At 3-4 months of age, infants hold objects clumsily between their finger and their palm. This behavior is known as the…
a. reflexive grasp
b. proxiodistal grasp
c. pincer grasp
d. ulnar grasp
D
Which of the following is true of motor development?
a. only nature is involved in motor development
b. only nurture is involved in motor development
c. nature and nurture are both involved in motor development
d. neither nature nor nurture is involved
C
At what age does a child’s visual acuity first approximate adult levels?
a. at birth
b. 1-2 years
c. 3-5 years
d. 6-10 years
C
Define primary circular reactions?
The repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infants own body
Define secondary circular reactions?
The repetition of actions that produce an effect on environment
Define object permanence?
Recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view
What is the A-not-B error?
The error made when an infant selects a familiar hiding place (A) for an object ratter than a new hiding place, even after the infant has seen it hidden in the new place
Deferred imitation
The imitation of people and events that occurred in the past
Information processing approach
The view of cognitive development that focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and/or information stored in memory
Define visual recognition memory
The ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects; based on hibituation
Define prelinguistic
Vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language
Define cooing
Prelinguistic vowel-like sounds that reflect feelings of positive excitement
Define babbling
The child’s first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech
Define echolalia
The automatic repetition of sounds or words
Define intonation
The use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning
Define receptive vocabulary
The number of words one understands
Define expressive vocabulary
The number of words one can use in the production of language
Define overextension
Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended
Define telegraphic speech
Type of speech in which only the essential words are used
Define the mean length of utterance(MLU)
The average number of morphemes used in an utterance
Define morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning in a language
ex: walked is two morpheme(walk and ed)
Define helophrase
A single word that is used to express complex meanings
ex: mama
Define syntax
The rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences
Define models
In learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others
Define language acquisition device(LAD)
neural “pre winging” that eases the child’s learning of grammar
Define aphasia
A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language
Define Wernicke’s aphasia
caused by damage to the Wernicke’s area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty producing the right word
In the 4th sub-stage of the sensorimotor period, infants coordinate schemes to attain goals; that is, they begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior. This substage lasts approximately from…
a. 4-8 months of age
b. 8-12 months of age
c. 12-18 months of age
d. 18-24 months of age
B
All of the following are prelinguistic vocalizations, with the exception of….
a.holophrases
b. crying
c. cooing
d. babling
A
Infants typically say word beginning at about the age of…
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 18 months
d. 24 months
B
Which of the following is accurate about Bayley Scales of Infant Development?
a. most infants are not yet ready to take them
b. infants can be tested for motor skills but not for mental skills
c. the scales predict long term cognitive development but are not reliable from testing to testing
d. the scales do not predict school grades or IQ scores among school children
D
Infants do not use their tongues when they…
a. babble
b. cry
c. coo
d. imitate words
B
What is the relationship between a child’s receptive vocabulary development and his/her expressive vocabulary development?
a. receptive vocab develops more rapidly than expressive vocab
b. expressive vocab develops more rapidly then receptive vocab
c. receptive vocab and expressive vocab develop at the same pace
d. there is so much individual variation that is not possible to generalize about the relationship between receptive vocab and expressive vocab
B
A child typically spontaneously creates two- word sentences sometime between the ages of…
a. 4-8 months
b. 8-12 months
c. 12-18 months
d. 18-24 months
D
For the first couple of years, a child’s vocabulary is mainly made of…
a. verbs
b. adjetives
c. adverbs
d. nouns
D
In the study, two-year-old “Ben” and an adult conversation about candy…
a. Ben extends the meaning of the word candy to include animals
b. Ben uses his own understanding of syntax to produce his own language
c. Ben imitates a model but does not understand why is doing so
d. Ben imitates the model and his language development is accelerated
B
Infant-directed speech (“motherese”) is characterized by all of the following expect…
a. brief sentences
b. the diminutive morpheme y is frequently added to nouns
c. speaking slowly and with a high pitched voice
d. correcting children when their vocabulary or syntax is wrong
D
Separation anxiety
Fear of separation from a target of attachment
Secure attachment
A type of attachment characterized by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed by reunion
Insecure attachment
Attachment behavior characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging or inconsistency
Avoidant attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to leave-takings by and reunions with an attachment figure
Ambivalent/resistant attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions
Disorganized-disoriented attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterize by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure
Indiscriminate attachment
The display of attachment behaviors toward any person
Imprinting
The process by which some species become attached to the first moving object they follow
Autism spectrum disorders(ASDs)
developmental disorders characterized by impairment in the communication and social skills, and repetitive stereotyped behavior
Mutism
refusal to speak
Echolila
autonomic repetition of sounds or words
Social referencing
using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own response
What are the 3 types of temperament
easy
difficult
slow to warm up
Temperament
individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life
Goodness of fit
agreement between the parents expectations of a child and the child’s temperament
Which kind of attachment is used to describe babies who seem confused and may move toward the mother while looking away from her?
a. disorganized-disoriented
b. secure
c. avoidant
d. ambivalent/resistant
A
Sroufe found that insecure attachment at the age of 1 year predicts psychological disorders at the age of…
a. 7
b. 17
c. 27
d. 37
B
According to Ainsworth, the clear-cut attachment phase occurs at about what age?
a. 6-7 months
b. 10-12 months
c. 16-18 months
d. 24-36 months
A
Which of the following views of attachment proposes that there is a critical period for developing attachment?
a. behavioral
b. psychoanalytic
c. cognitive
d. ethological
D
The natives in one Guatemalan village keep their children in a windowless hut and play with them only rarely unit they can walk. By what age do the children act as alert and active as children who have been reared normally?
a. never show any behavioral delays
b. 2
c. 5
d. 11
D
By the time a child is 2 years old, 9/10 parents…
a. engaged in some sort of psychological or emotional abuse
b. spanked their children
c. pushed/shoved their children
d. sexually abused their children
A
All the following are symptoms of autism spectrum disorders except..
a. losing language or social skills
b. failing to respond to being called by their name
c. developing fear of strangers
d. not seeming to know how to play with toys
D
What does research evidence show about autism?
a. autism is caused by the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella
b. autism is a result of poor child-rearing
c. autism runs in families to some degree
d. all of the above are true
C
If someone asked you whether or not day care was a good idea for their 3-year-old, which of the following answers would be based on research evidence?
a. some children in day care learn to be more cooperative then they were
b. some children become somewhat more aggressive then they were
c. children in high-quality day care seem to fare better in some way than children in poor-quality day care
d. all of the above
D
