Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Development > Chapters 4 - 6 > Flashcards

Chapters 4 - 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sequences of physical development?

A

cephalocaudal development
Promimodistal development
Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cephalocaudal development?

A

Development proceeds from the upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Proximodistal development?

A

Growth and development also proceed from the trunk outward, from the body’s central axis toward the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define differentiation

A

A children mature, their behaviors become less loose and global, and more specific and distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is failure to thrive (FTT)?

A

A disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is canalization?

A

The tendency to return to ones genially determined pattern of growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some guidelines for infant nutrition?

A
  • Build-up to a variety of foods
  • Pay attention to infants’ appetite
  • Don’t restrict fat & cholesterol too much; babies need calories and some fat
  • Don’t overdo high-fiber foods
  • Generally, avoid items with added sugar and salt
  • Encourage eating of high-iron foods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Root-like parts of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a axon?

A

A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through branching structures called axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the medullas function?

A

Heartbeat and respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cerebellum function?

A

Help maintain balance, control behavior, and coordinate eye movements with bodily sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Thought, memory, and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an ulnar grasp?

A

Holding objects between fingers and palms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pincer grasp?

A

Oppositional thumb comes into play, enabling infants to pick up objects with finger and thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is locomotion?

A

Movement from one place to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a creeping motion?

A

Infant move themselves along on their hands and knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does the creeping motion appear?

A

A month after crawling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the development of vision involve?

A

Visual acuity(sharpness), development of peripheral vision, depth perception, perceptual constancies(knowing an object is the same object no matter how you look at it from different angles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

perceiving objects as maintaining their identity although sensations from them change as their positions change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is habituation?

A

Becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for at least…
a. 4-6 months
b. 6-9 months
c. one year
d. two years

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following is untrue about breastfeeding?
a. breastfeeding cannot transmit HIV
b. breastfeeding helps shrink the uterus after delivery
c. breast milk can transmit polychlorinated biphenyls
d. breastfeeding reduces the risk of ovarian cancer

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How long does it take for a child’s brain to reach 70% of its adult weight?
a. one year
b. two years
c. three years
d. five years

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which part of the brain helps the child maintain balance?
a. medulla
b. amygdala
c. auditory cortex
d. cerebellum

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vision is the infant’s dominant sense at…
a. birth
b. 1-4 months
c. 5-6 months
d. 1 year

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Myelination of motor pathways allows neonates to engage in…
a. reflexes
b. the beating of the heart
c. respiration
d. the cycles of waking and sleeping

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The myelination of neurons involved in the sense of hearing begins…
a. germinal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. fetal stage
d. after birth

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At 3-4 months of age, infants hold objects clumsily between their finger and their palm. This behavior is known as the…
a. reflexive grasp
b. proxiodistal grasp
c. pincer grasp
d. ulnar grasp

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which of the following is true of motor development?
a. only nature is involved in motor development
b. only nurture is involved in motor development
c. nature and nurture are both involved in motor development
d. neither nature nor nurture is involved

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

At what age does a child’s visual acuity first approximate adult levels?
a. at birth
b. 1-2 years
c. 3-5 years
d. 6-10 years

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define primary circular reactions?

A

The repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infants own body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define secondary circular reactions?

A

The repetition of actions that produce an effect on environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define object permanence?

A

Recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the A-not-B error?

A

The error made when an infant selects a familiar hiding place (A) for an object ratter than a new hiding place, even after the infant has seen it hidden in the new place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Deferred imitation

A

The imitation of people and events that occurred in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Information processing approach

A

The view of cognitive development that focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and/or information stored in memory

37
Q

Define visual recognition memory

A

The ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects; based on hibituation

38
Q

Define prelinguistic

A

Vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language

39
Q

Define cooing

A

Prelinguistic vowel-like sounds that reflect feelings of positive excitement

40
Q

Define babbling

A

The child’s first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech

41
Q

Define echolalia

A

The automatic repetition of sounds or words

42
Q

Define intonation

A

The use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning

43
Q

Define receptive vocabulary

A

The number of words one understands

44
Q

Define expressive vocabulary

A

The number of words one can use in the production of language

45
Q

Define overextension

A

Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended

46
Q

Define telegraphic speech

A

Type of speech in which only the essential words are used

47
Q

Define the mean length of utterance(MLU)

A

The average number of morphemes used in an utterance

48
Q

Define morpheme

A

The smallest unit of meaning in a language
ex: walked is two morpheme(walk and ed)

49
Q

Define helophrase

A

A single word that is used to express complex meanings
ex: mama

50
Q

Define syntax

A

The rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences

51
Q

Define models

A

In learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others

52
Q

Define language acquisition device(LAD)

A

neural “pre winging” that eases the child’s learning of grammar

53
Q

Define aphasia

A

A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language

54
Q

Define Wernicke’s aphasia

A

caused by damage to the Wernicke’s area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty producing the right word

55
Q

In the 4th sub-stage of the sensorimotor period, infants coordinate schemes to attain goals; that is, they begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior. This substage lasts approximately from…
a. 4-8 months of age
b. 8-12 months of age
c. 12-18 months of age
d. 18-24 months of age

A

B

56
Q

All of the following are prelinguistic vocalizations, with the exception of….
a.holophrases
b. crying
c. cooing
d. babling

A

A

57
Q

Infants typically say word beginning at about the age of…
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 18 months
d. 24 months

A

B

58
Q

Which of the following is accurate about Bayley Scales of Infant Development?
a. most infants are not yet ready to take them
b. infants can be tested for motor skills but not for mental skills
c. the scales predict long term cognitive development but are not reliable from testing to testing
d. the scales do not predict school grades or IQ scores among school children

A

D

59
Q

Infants do not use their tongues when they…
a. babble
b. cry
c. coo
d. imitate words

A

B

60
Q

What is the relationship between a child’s receptive vocabulary development and his/her expressive vocabulary development?
a. receptive vocab develops more rapidly than expressive vocab
b. expressive vocab develops more rapidly then receptive vocab
c. receptive vocab and expressive vocab develop at the same pace
d. there is so much individual variation that is not possible to generalize about the relationship between receptive vocab and expressive vocab

A

B

61
Q

A child typically spontaneously creates two- word sentences sometime between the ages of…
a. 4-8 months
b. 8-12 months
c. 12-18 months
d. 18-24 months

A

D

62
Q

For the first couple of years, a child’s vocabulary is mainly made of…
a. verbs
b. adjetives
c. adverbs
d. nouns

A

D

63
Q

In the study, two-year-old “Ben” and an adult conversation about candy…
a. Ben extends the meaning of the word candy to include animals
b. Ben uses his own understanding of syntax to produce his own language
c. Ben imitates a model but does not understand why is doing so
d. Ben imitates the model and his language development is accelerated

A

B

64
Q

Infant-directed speech (“motherese”) is characterized by all of the following expect…
a. brief sentences
b. the diminutive morpheme y is frequently added to nouns
c. speaking slowly and with a high pitched voice
d. correcting children when their vocabulary or syntax is wrong

A

D

65
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Fear of separation from a target of attachment

66
Q

Secure attachment

A

A type of attachment characterized by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed by reunion

67
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Attachment behavior characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging or inconsistency

68
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

A type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to leave-takings by and reunions with an attachment figure

69
Q

Ambivalent/resistant attachment

A

A type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions

70
Q

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

A

A type of insecure attachment characterize by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure

71
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

The display of attachment behaviors toward any person

72
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which some species become attached to the first moving object they follow

73
Q

Autism spectrum disorders(ASDs)

A

developmental disorders characterized by impairment in the communication and social skills, and repetitive stereotyped behavior

74
Q

Mutism

A

refusal to speak

75
Q

Echolila

A

autonomic repetition of sounds or words

76
Q

Social referencing

A

using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own response

77
Q

What are the 3 types of temperament

A

easy
difficult
slow to warm up

78
Q

Temperament

A

individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life

79
Q

Goodness of fit

A

agreement between the parents expectations of a child and the child’s temperament

80
Q

Which kind of attachment is used to describe babies who seem confused and may move toward the mother while looking away from her?
a. disorganized-disoriented
b. secure
c. avoidant
d. ambivalent/resistant

A

A

81
Q

Sroufe found that insecure attachment at the age of 1 year predicts psychological disorders at the age of…
a. 7
b. 17
c. 27
d. 37

A

B

82
Q

According to Ainsworth, the clear-cut attachment phase occurs at about what age?
a. 6-7 months
b. 10-12 months
c. 16-18 months
d. 24-36 months

A

A

83
Q

Which of the following views of attachment proposes that there is a critical period for developing attachment?
a. behavioral
b. psychoanalytic
c. cognitive
d. ethological

A

D

84
Q

The natives in one Guatemalan village keep their children in a windowless hut and play with them only rarely unit they can walk. By what age do the children act as alert and active as children who have been reared normally?
a. never show any behavioral delays
b. 2
c. 5
d. 11

A

D

85
Q

By the time a child is 2 years old, 9/10 parents…
a. engaged in some sort of psychological or emotional abuse
b. spanked their children
c. pushed/shoved their children
d. sexually abused their children

A

A

86
Q

All the following are symptoms of autism spectrum disorders except..
a. losing language or social skills
b. failing to respond to being called by their name
c. developing fear of strangers
d. not seeming to know how to play with toys

A

D

87
Q

What does research evidence show about autism?
a. autism is caused by the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella
b. autism is a result of poor child-rearing
c. autism runs in families to some degree
d. all of the above are true

A

C

88
Q

If someone asked you whether or not day care was a good idea for their 3-year-old, which of the following answers would be based on research evidence?
a. some children in day care learn to be more cooperative then they were
b. some children become somewhat more aggressive then they were
c. children in high-quality day care seem to fare better in some way than children in poor-quality day care
d. all of the above

A

D

Human Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions