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p tests > chapters 4-5 test > Flashcards

chapters 4-5 test Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between an ultradian and infradian body rhythm?

A

ultradian rhythm is any rhythm that occurs more frequently than once a day. example is fluctuations in heart rate or urination.
infradian rhythm is any rhythm that occurs over a period of time longer than a day for example the menstrual cycle

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2
Q

what is the name for body rhythms that occur on a daily (24-hour-ish) cycle?

A

circadian rhythms

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3
Q

-What part of the hypothalamus is key to our ability to have a normal sleep-wake cycle?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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4
Q

What hormone is related by the pineal gland that is involved with sleep?

A

melatonin

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5
Q

what are two examples of entertainment?

A

entertainment is when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light temperature or even a clock

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6
Q

what is an endogenous body rhythm?

A

it is a biological rhythms that is generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

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7
Q

do we need more or less REM sleep as we age?

A

polusomnogrpahy

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8
Q

in what stage of sleep would you produce slow, looping delta waves?

A

stage 3

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9
Q

in what stage of sleep would you produce sleep spindles?

A

stage 2

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10
Q

what stage of sleep is most often associated with dreaming?

A

REM sleep

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11
Q

When looking at the EEG waveforms for the different stages of sleep, which one looks the most like the waveforms found when people are awake?

A

REM sleep looks most like people that are awake.

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12
Q

Is stage 4 sleep more common early in the night or just before you wake up? What about REM sleep?

A

Stage 4 sleep is more common early at night whereas REM sleep is more common juts before we wake up.

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13
Q

What is some evidence in favour of the restore and repair hypothesis of sleep?

A

Restore and repair hypothesis is the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the days activities. Research on this shows that sleep is a physical and psychological necessity not just a pleasant way to relax. Sleeping helps everyone clear wastes products and excess proteins from the brains. Researchers found that the pathways of the brains waste removal system were enlarged during sleep, making the removal of these waste products more efficient.

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14
Q

What is some evidence in favour of the preserve and protect hypothesis of sleep?

A

Perserve and protect hypothesis suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organisms from harm. Researchers note that animals most vulnerable to predators sleep in safe hideaways during the time of day when their predators are most likely to hunt. Another evidence is that humans are quite dependent upon vision, it made sense for us to sleep at night when we would be at a disadvantage compared to nocturnal predators.

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15
Q

What are some mental processes affected by sleep deprivation?

A

Sleep deprivation leads to difficulties with multitasking, maintaining attention, assessing risks, incorporating new information into a strategy, working memory and inhibiting responses.

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16
Q

What did Stanley Coren notice about accident rates occurring around the time changes in the spring and fall?

A

Stanley coren found that there was a significant increase in the number of accidents immediately following the “spring forward” but not after the “fall back”. Data from 1986 to 1988 he found a 6.6% increase in accidental deaths in the four days following the “spring forward” of daylight saving time.

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17
Q

What is sleep displacement?

A

Sleep displacement occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual.

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18
Q

Is jet lag worse when you fly east or west?

A

It is worse when travelling east. Because if you are flying west it is easier to stay up later, then if you are flying east where you need to sleep earlier.

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19
Q

According to Freud, what is the difference between the manifest and latent content of dreams?

A

Manifest content involves the images and storylines that we dream about. Whereas latent content is the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges.

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20
Q

What is the activation-synthesis theory of dreams?

A

It suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem.

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21
Q

what is the problem-solving theory of dreams?

A

It is the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleep and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake.

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22
Q

According to research conducted at Trent University, would REM sleep be related to straightforward memory tasks or more complex learning and logic tasks?

A

more complex learning tasks

23
Q

What is insomnia?

A

A disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

24
Q

What is the difference between nightmares and night terrors?

A

Nightmares are particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep. Night terrors are intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state.

25
Q

What is the difference between somnambulism and sexomnia?

A

Somnambulism (sleep walking), it is a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep. Sexomnia (sleep sex), individuals with this condition engage in sexual activity such as touching of the sleep or others, vocalizations, and sex-themed talk while in stages 3 and 4 of sleep.

26
Q

What is REM behaviour disorder?

A

It is a condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact they appear to be acting out the content of their dreams.

27
Q

what are two causes of sleep apnea?

A

obstructed airways and Brianstem dysfunction

28
Q

Which hormone is related to narcolepsy?

A

Hypocretin. Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

29
Q

What is sleep hygiene?

A

Healthy sleep-related habits that often allow people to overcome sleep disturbances in a mater of a few weeks

30
Q

What are three types of hypnotic suggestions?

A

Idemotor suggestion- specific actions to perform
Challenge suggestion - specific action to not perform
Cognitive perceptual suggestions- remembering or forgetting certain info, or reduced pain sensations

31
Q

What is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis is a unique state in which consciousness is divided into parts an observer and a hidden observer.

32
Q

What is the evidence in favour of the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis?

A

The idea that an individual’s levels of belief and expectations of the hypnosis control suggestibility. Executive processing influences peoples expectations.

33
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of hypnosis?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy and acute (non chronic) pain

34
Q

Should memories retrieved through hypnosis be used in court? Why or why not?

A

No they should not because often they are inaccurate and can be influenced by suggestions from the hypnotists

35
Q

what is the difference between brain death and coma?

A

brain death is a condition in which the brain, specifically the brainstem no longer functions. coma is a start markedly a complete loss of consciousness

36
Q

what is persistent vegetative state?

A

it is a state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patients eyes may be open and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness

37
Q

How does minimally conscious state differ from persistent vegetative state?

A

Minimally conscious state is a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis. Persistent vegetative state is a state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patients eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness.

38
Q

What brain area is affected in locked-in syndrome?

A

Locked in syndrome is a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake out but because of an inability to move their body appears unconscious. It is affected to the pons.

39
Q

What are four ways that drugs can affect neurotransmitter levels?

A
  1. Alter amount of the neurotransmitter being released into the synapse
  2. Prevent reuptake
  3. Blocks receptors that the neurotransmitter would typically bind to
  4. Bind to receptors that the neurotransmitter would bind
40
Q

What is the difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence?

A

Physical dependence is the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms. Psychological dependence occur when addiction develops without any physical symptoms of withdrawal.

41
Q

How is the process of down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors related to drug tolerance?

A

Tolerance is caused by repeated use of drugs resulting in higher dosages of the drug to get the same high, tolerance is built up because neurotransmitter down regulation or move to the surface of the dendrite

42
Q

In the Rat Park Study, how were drug-seeking behaviour and social isolation related?

A

Rats who were socially isolated tended to use more morphine over social rats.

43
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception and emotion

44
Q

What are three examples of stimulants?

A

Stimulants are a category of drug that speeds up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness. Three examples are: coffee, speed and cocaine

45
Q

What effect does cocaine have (at the level of the synapse)?

A

Binds and blocks dopamine preventing reuptake. It also increases norepinephrine (energy) and serotonin (mood) overstimulating the brain causing euphoric high.

46
Q

What neurotransmitter is affected by MDMA (“Ecstasy”)?

A

Stimulates dopamine and glutamate leading to structural abnormalities in the frontal cortex.

47
Q

What neurotransmitter is most affected by LSD and psilocybin (“magic mushrooms”)?

A

serotonin.
this drug blocks glutamate receptors and produces confused, dream-like states and memory loss: ayahuasca (DMT)

48
Q

What is salvia divinorum?

A

Is an herb that grows in central and south america. When smoked or chewed, salvia indices highly intense but short-lived hallucinations

49
Q

What is the active chemical found in marijuana?

A

Marijuana is a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the cannabus plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant and relaxing narcotic effects. The active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which mimics the Brian chemical anandamide.

50
Q

What are some cognitive processes affected by marijuana?

A
  • impairment to memory process
  • Reduced ability to recall information
  • Greater tendency to commit intrusion errors
  • Decision making and the control of attention
  • Impairment to peoples ability to problem solve and change their strategies while performing a task
  • Impairment to creative thinking and attention
51
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is (most) involved with marijuana’s effects?

A

dopamine

52
Q

what is an opioid?

A

a medication used for pain relied (such as herion or meth)

53
Q

What is the difference between heroine and methadone?

A

Heroine binds to endorphin receptor, whereas methadone binds to opiate receptors and does not give the same high affects as heroine.

54
Q

What are sedatives? What neurotransmitter do they most often affect?

A

Sedatives are drugs that reduce activity of the CNS. They increase inhibitory GABA neurotransmitters to reduce anxiety or panic.

p tests (2 decks)

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