Chapters 4 & 5 Flashcards
Endogenous
occurs naturally within the cell
Exogenous
introduced from the outside of the cell/body
Agonist Ligand
initiates the normal effects of the ligand
Ligands
substance that binds to target protein
Antagonist Ligand
blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands
Inverse Agonist Ligand
initiates an effect that is opposite of normal
Non-Competitive Ligand
binds to a different active site of endogenous ones
Up Regulate
more receptors available for binding to increase reactions, changes the number of receptors and sensitivity in the direction opposite to the drugs affect
Down Regulate
removal of receptors to stop reactions from occurring
4 Groups of Neurotransmitters
amino acids, monoamines, peptides, purines
Ionotropic
transmembrane protein that acts as an ion transport channel, opens when a neurotransmitter binds to it, allows ions like sodium and calcium to pass through
Neurotransmitter Makeup
made up of amino acids, nucleic acids, and metabolic products
Acetylcholine (ACh)
key to sleep/wake cycles, digestion, control of heartbeat and other autonomic functions, sent to hippocampus and cerebellum
Metabotropic
receptors that are involved in neurotransmitter system, hormone signaling, and messenger system, known as G-protein
6 Classes of Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA
Dopamine
2 pathways, originates in the brain stem and midbrain
Mesostriatal
motor functions, deficiency can cause parkinsons
Norepinephrine
released in pons, midbrain, dorsal medulla, sensory input, mood, arousal, sexual behavior, triggered by stress
Mesolimbocortical
reward, learning, reinforcement, deficiency can be linked to schizophrenia
GABA
inhibits neuronal activity at transmitters and relaxes you
Glutamate
excitatory, memory, cognition, mood regulation, increases speed of neuronal functioning, energy boost for the brain, too much can cause stroke
Serotonin
helps with sleep, mood, sexual behaviors, anxiety, depression is linked to a low amount, sent to hypothalamus and thalamus to aid in sleep, hippocampus for memory
GABA A
fast acting inhibitor
GABA C
ionotropic, specifically chloride channels
GABA B
slow acting inhibitor
Opiate Peptides
mimic opiate drugs, reduce pain naturally, mostly found in the gut and spinal cord
Drug Classes
antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, analgesics, cannabinoids, stimulants
Antipsychotic Drugs
neuroleptic, class of drugs that reduces symptoms of schizophrenia
Typical Neuroleptic
selective dopamine antagonist
Atypical Neuroleptic
blocks some serotonin receptors and reduces some negative symptoms
Tricyclic Antidepressant
increases norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse by blocking the reuptake into presynaptic axon terminals
Antidepressant
treats depression
Monoamine Oxidase
inhibitors prevent the premature breakdown of monoamines at the synapse
Anxiolytics
tranquilizer, depressant, reduces nervous system activity
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
prozac, zoloft, allow serotonin to accumulate in the synapse with less side affects
Benzodiazepine Agonist
act on GABA receptors and enhance the inhibitory affects of GABA, work against anxiety and insomnia
Analgesic Drugs
pain killers
Endogenous Opiates
peptides produced in the body that bind to opioid receptors and relieve pain
Opium
contains morphine, very effective and highly addictive, bind to opioid receptors in the brain
Alcohol
acts are biphasic (make you happy then sad), activates GABA receptor and increases inhibitory affects, contributes to social disinhibition and loss of motor connection
Fentanyl
pain reliever, increases dopamine at insanely high rates, causes you to stop breathing by turning off CO2 receptors in the brain
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
marijuana, THC, effects vary from relaxation to paranoia
Endocannabinoids
produced in the brain, acts as a retrograde messenger and may influence neurotransmitters
Anandamide
endocannabinoid with many effects like altered memory and increased hunger cues
Stimulants
increases nervous system activity, makes you more alert, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine
Nicotine
increases HR and BP, combats nausea, lowers eye pressure in glaucoma
Cocaine
alleviates hunger, promotes endurance, enhances sense of wellbeing
Crack Cocaine
smoked which helps it cross the blood-brain barrier faster, causes uptake in dopamine
Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
synthetic stimulants that resemble catechlomine transmitters in structure, causes dopamine rush without signals, makes you alert and euphoric, causes long term weight loss
Hallucinogens
alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences
LSD
acid
Dissociative Drugs
produces feeling of depersonalization and reality deattachment
PCP
detaches from reality, chemical model for schizophrenia, NMDA receptor antagonist, stimulates dopamine release
Ketamine
less potent than NDMA antagonist that works in the prefrontal cortex
MDMA
hallucinogen amphetamine derivative, increases serotonin levels and changes in dopamine
Binding Affinity
degree of chemical attraction between ligands and receptors
Efficacy
intrinsic activity, ability of a ligand to activate a receptor
Agonist
high efficacy
Antagonist
low efficacy
Partial Agonist
in the middle of effective and not
Basal Forebrain
dopamine released here when taking drugs
Frontal Cortex
pathway involving a brain region, people with damage here are immune to addiction
Factors In Addiction
biology, gender, family situation, personal characteristics, environmental factors
Cue Induced Drug Use
increased likelihood of using drugs in a certain situation if you used it that way before, not used outside of these times
