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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapters 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Chapters 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Endogenous

A

occurs naturally within the cell

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2
Q

Exogenous

A

introduced from the outside of the cell/body

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3
Q

Agonist Ligand

A

initiates the normal effects of the ligand

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4
Q

Ligands

A

substance that binds to target protein

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5
Q

Antagonist Ligand

A

blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands

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6
Q

Inverse Agonist Ligand

A

initiates an effect that is opposite of normal

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7
Q

Non-Competitive Ligand

A

binds to a different active site of endogenous ones

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8
Q

Up Regulate

A

more receptors available for binding to increase reactions, changes the number of receptors and sensitivity in the direction opposite to the drugs affect

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8
Q

Down Regulate

A

removal of receptors to stop reactions from occurring

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9
Q

4 Groups of Neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, monoamines, peptides, purines

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10
Q

Ionotropic

A

transmembrane protein that acts as an ion transport channel, opens when a neurotransmitter binds to it, allows ions like sodium and calcium to pass through

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11
Q

Neurotransmitter Makeup

A

made up of amino acids, nucleic acids, and metabolic products

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12
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

key to sleep/wake cycles, digestion, control of heartbeat and other autonomic functions, sent to hippocampus and cerebellum

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13
Q

Metabotropic

A

receptors that are involved in neurotransmitter system, hormone signaling, and messenger system, known as G-protein

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13
Q

6 Classes of Neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA

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14
Q

Dopamine

A

2 pathways, originates in the brain stem and midbrain

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15
Q

Mesostriatal

A

motor functions, deficiency can cause parkinsons

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15
Q

Norepinephrine

A

released in pons, midbrain, dorsal medulla, sensory input, mood, arousal, sexual behavior, triggered by stress

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16
Q

Mesolimbocortical

A

reward, learning, reinforcement, deficiency can be linked to schizophrenia

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17
Q

GABA

A

inhibits neuronal activity at transmitters and relaxes you

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17
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory, memory, cognition, mood regulation, increases speed of neuronal functioning, energy boost for the brain, too much can cause stroke

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17
Q

Serotonin

A

helps with sleep, mood, sexual behaviors, anxiety, depression is linked to a low amount, sent to hypothalamus and thalamus to aid in sleep, hippocampus for memory

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18
Q

GABA A

A

fast acting inhibitor

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19
Q

GABA C

A

ionotropic, specifically chloride channels

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19
Q

GABA B

A

slow acting inhibitor

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20
Q

Opiate Peptides

A

mimic opiate drugs, reduce pain naturally, mostly found in the gut and spinal cord

21
Q

Drug Classes

A

antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, analgesics, cannabinoids, stimulants

21
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

neuroleptic, class of drugs that reduces symptoms of schizophrenia

22
Q

Typical Neuroleptic

A

selective dopamine antagonist

23
Q

Atypical Neuroleptic

A

blocks some serotonin receptors and reduces some negative symptoms

23
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressant

A

increases norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse by blocking the reuptake into presynaptic axon terminals

24
Q

Antidepressant

A

treats depression

25
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

inhibitors prevent the premature breakdown of monoamines at the synapse

26
Q

Anxiolytics

A

tranquilizer, depressant, reduces nervous system activity

27
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

prozac, zoloft, allow serotonin to accumulate in the synapse with less side affects

28
Q

Benzodiazepine Agonist

A

act on GABA receptors and enhance the inhibitory affects of GABA, work against anxiety and insomnia

29
Q

Analgesic Drugs

A

pain killers

29
Q

Endogenous Opiates

A

peptides produced in the body that bind to opioid receptors and relieve pain

29
Q

Opium

A

contains morphine, very effective and highly addictive, bind to opioid receptors in the brain

29
Q

Alcohol

A

acts are biphasic (make you happy then sad), activates GABA receptor and increases inhibitory affects, contributes to social disinhibition and loss of motor connection

29
Q

Fentanyl

A

pain reliever, increases dopamine at insanely high rates, causes you to stop breathing by turning off CO2 receptors in the brain

30
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

marijuana, THC, effects vary from relaxation to paranoia

31
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

produced in the brain, acts as a retrograde messenger and may influence neurotransmitters

32
Q

Anandamide

A

endocannabinoid with many effects like altered memory and increased hunger cues

33
Q

Stimulants

A

increases nervous system activity, makes you more alert, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine

34
Q

Nicotine

A

increases HR and BP, combats nausea, lowers eye pressure in glaucoma

35
Q

Cocaine

A

alleviates hunger, promotes endurance, enhances sense of wellbeing

36
Q

Crack Cocaine

A

smoked which helps it cross the blood-brain barrier faster, causes uptake in dopamine

37
Q

Amphetamine and Methamphetamine

A

synthetic stimulants that resemble catechlomine transmitters in structure, causes dopamine rush without signals, makes you alert and euphoric, causes long term weight loss

38
Q

Hallucinogens

A

alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences

39
Q

LSD

A

acid

40
Q

Dissociative Drugs

A

produces feeling of depersonalization and reality deattachment

41
Q

PCP

A

detaches from reality, chemical model for schizophrenia, NMDA receptor antagonist, stimulates dopamine release

42
Q

Ketamine

A

less potent than NDMA antagonist that works in the prefrontal cortex

43
Q

MDMA

A

hallucinogen amphetamine derivative, increases serotonin levels and changes in dopamine

44
Q

Binding Affinity

A

degree of chemical attraction between ligands and receptors

45
Q

Efficacy

A

intrinsic activity, ability of a ligand to activate a receptor

46
Q

Agonist

A

high efficacy

47
Q

Antagonist

A

low efficacy

48
Q

Partial Agonist

A

in the middle of effective and not

49
Q

Basal Forebrain

A

dopamine released here when taking drugs

50
Q

Frontal Cortex

A

pathway involving a brain region, people with damage here are immune to addiction

51
Q

Factors In Addiction

A

biology, gender, family situation, personal characteristics, environmental factors

52
Q

Cue Induced Drug Use

A

increased likelihood of using drugs in a certain situation if you used it that way before, not used outside of these times

Behavioral Neuroscience (2 decks)

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