Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Chapters 37-39: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapters 37-39: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts

A

lay down the extracellular matrix

Results in new bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down the extracellular matrix
Tear down old or excess bone structure
Resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts are formed when they are needed to remodel bone
Osteoclasts remove damaged areas of bone
Osteoblasts come after them and replace the extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cartilage Tissue Composition

A

Firm but flexible connective tissue
Consists of intracellular fibers in a gel-like material
Oxygen and food can diffuse through this gel
Doesn’t need blood vessels/blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

very few fibers

Shock cushion – trachea, bronchi, nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

some elastin fibers

Provides cushioning – Intervertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

many elastin fibers

Provides support – auditory canal, epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tendons

A

Tendons attach muscles to bone and transmit load from muscle to bone, resulting in joint motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ligaments

A

Ligaments attach bone to bone and augment mechanical stability of a joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Extracellular matrix is filled with

A

collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Joints

A

Union of two or more bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Synarthroses

A

little to no mobility

Ex: Skull sutures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diarthrosis

A

slight movement
Ex: Synovial joints
Bursae are small synovial sacs cushioning tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Released when blood calcium levels decrease
Sustained PTH raises blood calcium levels three ways:
1.) From bone
2.) From kidneys
3.) From intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D is needed to absorb dietary calcium
Created in skin cells under the influence of sunlight
Absorbed from the diet as a fat-soluble vitamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released by thyroid when blood calcium is too high
Inhibits the release of calcium from bone
Reduces osteoclast activity
Inhibits vitamin D activation in the kidney
Inhibits calcium reabsorption by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

As a result of hypocalcemia

A

PTH is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Man #1 developed a lung tumor that secreted constant high levels of parathyroid hormone; he became very weak and developed weak bones

A

PTH released by the parathyroid gland when serum calcium levels are low.
PTH increases calcium levels by acting on:
bone (bone cells release more calcium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Man #2 suffered complete kidney failure; he also developed weak bones

A

In end-stage kidney disease, the activation of vitamin D is nonexistent.
Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of calcium, and it functions in the regulation of bone formation and mineralization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Muscle Sprain

A

An overstretching of tendons and ligaments with possible tear.
Most common location: the ankle
Occurs in response to a quick twist or pull of the muscle.

Common symptoms: Bruising, swelling, instability, and painful movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Muscle Strain

A

Often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring muscle and result from overuse of muscles

Common symptoms: Pain, weakness, and muscle spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strains and Sprains Recovery

A

RICE
Collagen fibers form to create links with existing tissue
Eventually healing mass bound together with fibrous tissue
Healing up to 6 weeks
Severe damage requires surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a fracture?

A

a partial or complete break in the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Open fracture

A

aka: a compound fracture. The bone exits and is visible through the skin, or through a deep wound that exposes the bone through the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Closed fracture
aka: a simple fracture. The bone is broken but the skin is intact.
26
CMS
Circulation, Mobility, Sensation
27
Greenstick
incomplete fracture. Partial break in continuity of bone
28
Transverse
The break is in a | straight line across the bone.
29
Spiral
the break spirals around the Bone common in a twisting injury. Could be from abuse (throwing a child roughly)
30
Oblique
Diagonal break, across the bone
31
Comminuted
the break is in three or more pieces
32
Clinical manifestations of bone fractures
Unnatural alignment, swelling, muscle spasm, tenderness, pain, impaired sensation
33
Treatment (Bone fractures)
Closed manipulation, traction (skeletal or skin), open reduction (surgery), internal fixation (opening skin/hardware), external fixation (Splints and casts/Screw)
34
Stage 1: Inflammatory Healing, Fracture
Bleeding initially occurs between the edges of fractured bone, and a hematoma (blood and plateletes) develops during the first few hours and days. Inflammation in the area causes vascular permeability and the attraction of white blood cells to the area. Macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear white blood cells (WBCs) infiltrate the bone area.
35
Stage 2: Granulation tissue formation, Fracture
In the next phase of healing, fibroblasts arrive at the area of injury and there is a growth of vascular tissue. Nutrient and oxygen supply during this early process is significant. Lasts approximately 2 weeks.
36
Stage 3: Callus formation, Fracture
A callus is formed (osteoblasts/chondroblasts), in granulation tissue. These cells synthesize the extracellular organic matrix of woven bone and cartilage, producing newly formed mineralized bone within 4 to 16 weeks.
37
Stage 4: Lamellar bone deposition, Fracture
A strengthening phase where ossification is beginning. The meshlike callus of woven bone is replaced by sheets (lamellae) of mineralized bone that are organized parallel to the axis of the bone and are mechanically stronger than bone of a callus.
38
Stage 5: Remodeling, Fracture
Remodeling of the bone at the site of the healing fracture by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The formation is sculpted and refined by the mechanical stresses imposed on the bone. Adequate strength commonly occurs in 3 to 6 months.
39
The use of anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic medication such as steroids or immunosuppressive agents during the bone’s healing process can alter the inflammatory response and inhibit healing.
True
40
Malunion
Bone doesn't align correctly at all when trying to heal
41
Nonunion
Bone doesn't align at all when trying to heal
42
Fracture blister
fluid causing infection from dermis to epidermis
43
Fat embolism
fat droplets ending in venous blood. In patients with a long bone fracture
44
Compartment Syndrome
Blood flow to affected area is compromised because of increased venous pressure, leading to decreased arterial inflow, ischemia, and edema. Results in pain out of proportion to injury Evaluated by catheter to muscle Immediate fasciotomy and débridement Emergency treatment may be required to save an affected limb.
45
Rhabdomyolysis
Complete breakdown of muscle where muscle is broken down into blood stream and causes damage to the kidneys (Protein pigment myoglobin into extracellular space and bloodstream) Classic triad: Muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine (from myoglobin) Treatment: Rapid intravenous hydration: To maintain adequate kidney flow Hyperkalemia: May require temporary hemodialysis
46
A person has rhabdomyolysis. Which typical clinical manifestation will the nurse find upon assessment?
Dark Urine
47
Bursitis
Are sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid; sacs (bursa) are located among the tendons, muscles, and bony prominences.
48
Epicondylitis | Tennis Elbow
Is inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone. Tennis elbow: Lateral epicondylitis Treated by RICE, NSAIDS, physical therapy
49
Osteomyelitis
an infection of bone, either acute or chronic. Bacteria are the usual infectious agents. Primary infection of the bloodstream Iatrogenic causes Antibiotics are difficult to reach bacteria, lack of blood
50
What could cause osteomyelitis?
1. ) An open injury to the bone 2. ) An infection from elsewhere in the body 3. ) A minor trauma 4. ) Bacteria in the bloodstream (bone could still form) 5. ) A chronic open wound or soft tissue infection
51
Staphylococcus aureus
The bacteria most commonly causing osteomyelitis. Bone inflammation is marked by edema, increased vascularity & leukocyte activity.
52
Symptoms of Osteomyelitis
Localized bone pain and/or tenderness in the infected area The overlying skin may be red, hot and swollen, containing pus – inflammatory response Spasms of associated muscles Hallmark Feature: Presence of bone sequestrum (dead bone separated from living bone)
53
Risk Factors for Osteomyelitis
``` Long term skin infections Poor blood circulation, i.e. high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, high cholesterol and diabetes. Prosthetic joints Hemodialysis ANYTHING that is foreign to our body ```
54
Chronic osteomyelitis
Lack of oxygen/nutrients causes bone tissue to die. Blood poisoning/Sepsis can occur if untreated Treatment: IV/Oral antibiotics, surgical draining and cleaning of bone.
55
Osteoporosis
Silent Disease (no symptoms) characterized by (1) loss of bone mass (2) increased bone fragility (3) increased risk for fractures more common in aging women. half of women over 50 experience osteoporosis related fracture in lifetime (hip, wrist, vertebrae) especially R/T falls
56
Osteoporosis - Pathology
Bone resorption exceeds bone formation Trabeculae (spongy tissue) lost and outer cortex thins Minimal stress leads to fracture
57
Pathological fracture is also called
Spontaneous fracture
58
Risk factors for Osteoporosis
Women, age, family history, Caucasian/Asian, Low body weight and small frame Calcium deficiency, menopause, cigarettes, excessive alcohol, sedentary lifestyle Use of specific medications aluminum-containing antacids, corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, prolonged heparin therapy, antiretroviral
59
Osteoporosis Signs and Symptoms
Loss of height in vertebral column Progressive curvature of spine (kyphosis) Low back pain Fractures of spine, hip, pelvis, humerus
60
Osteoporosis - Prevention
Diet rich with Vitamin D and Calcium, weight bearing exercise, no smoking/limited alcohol
61
Paget Disease
``` More common in men AKA osteitis deformans State of increased metabolic activity in bone (Regions of excessive bone turnover) New bone is disorganized Deformation and fracture common ```
62
Osteomalacia
Bone is not mineralized properly; it is not rigid It is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D lowers the absorption of calcium from the intestines Mineralization is inadequate or delayed
63
Osteoarthritis
``` AKA Degenerative Joint Disease (wear and tear) idiopathic disease (what caused it?) Low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints Caused by abnormal wearing of the cartilage Destruction or decrease of synovial fluid that lubricates those joints. ``` Age, weight, mechanics are biggest factors With age, water content of the cartilage decreases due to a reduced proteoglycan content in the ECM.
64
Proteoglycan
responsible for directing movement of water and solutes through the ECM.
65
Collagen fibers
provide support to cartilage | can become susceptible to degradation (Thinning of cartilage)
66
Cytokine (IL-1 & TNF)
stimulate protease enzymes that destroy joints in osteoarthritis
67
Osteophytes
Spurs, or broken corners of the bone
68
Osteoarthritis Clinical Manifestations
Joint pain, worsened with activity, relieved by rest | Crepitus (popping sound) & grinding with joint movement
69
Heberden's Nodes
Distal interphalangeal joints | Farthest part down
70
Bouchard's nodes
Proximal interphalangeal joints | 2nd part down
71
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic autoimmune disease (systemic) Genetic predisposition Presence of rheumatoid factors (RF test) Symmetric & polyarticular joints, Early morning pain & stiffness Swan neck deformity Boutonniere deformity
72
Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fever Elevated ESR (sed rate) & CRP Presence of RF Rheumatoid nodules around blood vessels
73
Rheumatoid Arthritis Evaluation
``` Four or more of the following: Morning joint stiffness lasting at least 1 hour Arthritis of three or more joint areas Arthritis of the hand joints Symmetric arthritis Rheumatoid nodules Abnormal amounts of serum rheumatoid factor Radiographic changes ```
74
Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
Surgery (joint replacement, removal of synovial fluid), NSAIDS, Physical therapy, Therapeutic exercise
75
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Inflammatory joint disease of the spine or sacroiliac joints causing stiffening and fusion (ankylosis) of the joints Systemic, immune inflammatory disease Unknown cause but strong association with human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) Begins with inflammation of the fibrocartilage, particularly in the vertebrae and sacroiliac joint. Inflammatory cells infiltrate and erode the fibrocartilage. As repair begins, scar tissue ossifies and calcifies; the joint eventually fuses.
76
Clinical manifestations of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Low back pain, stiffness, pain, and restricted motion, “bamboo” spine Loss of normal lumbar curvature
77
Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment
Physical therapy (posture), NSAIDS, corticosteroid injections to inflamed joints
78
Gout
Body produces too much uric acid (Overproduction) Or Body excretes too little uric acid (Underexcretion) and forms acid crystals in joint or kidneys
79
Hyperuricemia
Uric acid overproduction Accounts for 10% of hyperuricemia Caused by: Paget's disease, Chronic kidney disease, etc.
80
Uric Acid
High levels of purines (waste product) are found in organ meats (liver, brains, kidney), anchovies, herring, mackerel. Alcohol and some drugs may affect purine excretion.
81
Gouty Inflammation
Stage 1: Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia Uric acid levels elevated to 9-10 range (normals ~ 3 – 6), no symptoms Stage 2: Acute Gouty Arthritis Sudden onset, acute pain, redness, swelling Usually in the big toe, may affect another joint Fever, chills “Attack” lasts hours to weeks 60% have recurrent attack in 1 yr
82
Stage 3 of Gouty Inflammation and treatment
Stage 3 Chronic Tophaceous Gout: Tophi (urate crystals deposits) develop in cartilage, synovial membranes, tendons, soft tissues Pain, ulceration, nerve damage Drink 3-4 quarts of fluids daily Avoid alcohol (especially BEER… NOOO!!!!) Low purine diet

Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions